KATA PENGANTAR. Puji syukur kami panjatkan kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas berhasil tersusunnya buku kuliah geomorfologi ini. Bentuk lahan terbentuk oleh proses kontruktif dan destruktif, proses. Jan 6, 2018 - buku ajar dasar-dasar ilmu tanah edisi 2012.pdf - Scribd Rating: 5 - 3 votesbuku ajar. Geologi Struktur Ilmu yang mempelajari bentuk dan konfigurasi batuan di. Geomorfologi Ilmu yang mempelajari bentuk muka bumi dan.

• Geomorfologi Dan Penggunaan Lahan
• Buku Pdf Gratis
• Perpustakaan Online

• Marion Palmer
• 2 years ago
• Views:

Transcription

1 PP 185/12/85 ISSN PERSATUAN GEOLOGI MALAYSIA EWSLETTER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MALAYSIA Jil. 12, No.2 (Vol. 12, No.2) Mar-Apr 1986 CA TAT AN GEOLOGI (GEOLOGICAL NOTES) KANDUNGAN (CONTENTS) Tan Boon Kong & Ch'ng Soo Chan: Zon tanah lemah di atas batukapur dasar (Weak soil zone above limestone bedrock) 51 Sanudin Hj. Tahir & Tan Teong Hing: The Sa bah MeIange- a stratigraphic unit? 58 PERHUBUNGAN LAIN (OTHER COMMUNICATIONS) P.G. Fookes: An introduction to weathered rock and residual soils for engineers 60 PERTEMUAN PERSATUAN (MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY) S. Uyeda: Subduction Zones 72 J.e. Briden: Palaeomagnetism and tectonic displacement 73 Peter Bowden: Anorogenic tin granites: classical examples from Africa 73 Abdul Ghani Rafek: Orientation of geological planes: their indirect determination and meaning in underground construction 74 Bjorn Schoon: I) Resistivity surveying and down-hole logging using Abem Terrameters 2) Seismic refraction methods to determine thickness of overburden, depth of weathering and bedrock quality 76. P.G. Fookes: An introduction to weathered rocks and residual soils for engineers 76 Annual Conference '86 & Annual Dinner 77 Ucapan perasmian oleh Prof. Dato' Hajah Asmah Haji Omar 81 Abstracts of Papers 87 Annual General Meeting 98 Minutes of 19th AGM BERIT A-BERIT A PERSATUAN (NEWS OF THE SOCIETY) Progress of Society'S Publications First 20 advance orders for GEOSEA V PROCEEDINGS Vol. I Keahlian (Membership). Pertukaran alamat (Change of Address) Pertambahan Baru Perpustakaan (New Library Additions) BERIT A-BERIT A LAIN (OTHER NEWS) Campus Roundup- University of Malaya Employment Corner Thesis titles 1985/86 University of Malaya III DIKELUARKAN DWIBULANAN ISSUED BIMONTHLY

2 PERSATUAN GEOLOGI MALAYSIA (GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MALAYSIA) Majlis (Council) 1985/86 Pegawai-pegawai (Officers) Presiden (President) Naib Presiden (Vice-President) Setiausaha Kehormat (Honorary Secretary) Penolong Setiausaha Kehormat (Honorary Assistant Secretary) Bendahari Kehormat (Honorary Treasurer) Pengarang Kehormat (Honorary Editor) Presiden Yang Dahulu (Immediate Past President) Ahli-ahli Majlis (Councillors ) Ahli-ahli Majlis, (Councillors, ) Juruodit Kehormat (Honorary Auditor) John Kuna Raj, Jabatan Geologi, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. Yin Ee Heng, Jabatan Penyiasatan Kajibumi, Kuala Lumpur. S. Paramananthan, Jabatan Sains Tanah, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, UPM Serdang. Koh Tuck Wai, PETRONAS-Carigali, P.O. Box 12407, Kuala Lumpur. Chow Weng Sum, Jabatan Penyiasatan Kajibumi, Kuala Lumpur. Teh Guan Hoe, Jabatan Geologi, Qniversiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. Leong Khee Meng, PETRONAS, P.O. Box 12444, Kuala Lumpur. Abdullah Hasbi Hj. Hassan, SEATRAD Centre, Tiger Lane, Ipoh, Perak. Ahmad Said, PETRONAS, P.O. Box 12444, Kuala Lumpur. Azhar Hj. Hussin, Jabatan Geologi, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. Albert Loh, Malaysia Mining Corp., P.O. Box 10300, Kuala Lumpur. Michael Leong, PETRONAS, P.O. Box 12444, Kuala Lumpur. Idris Mohamad, Jabatan Geologi, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. Hamzah Mohamad, Jabatan Geologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi. Wan Fuad Wan Hassan, Jabatan Geologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi. Peter Chew PubLished by the GeoZogiaal Society of Malaysia Deparotment of GeoZogy university of Malaya Kuala Lumpur (Tel ) 30 May, Printed by Art Printing Works Sdn. Bhd. 29 Jalan Riong Kuala Lumpur.

3 51 CATATAN GEOLOGI (GEOLOGICAL NOTES) ZON TANAH LEMAH DI ATAS BATUKAPUR DASAR (WEAK SOIL ZONE ABOVE LIMESTONE BEDROCK) Tan Boon Kong & Ch'ng Soo Chau, Jabatan Geologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi. Abstrak Catatan -z-n-z- membincangkan satu aspek masazah geologi kejuruteraan di kawasan kars yang disebabkan oleh hadirnya satu zon tanah lemah di atas batukapur dasar. Ciri-ciri zon tanah lemah ini cara pembentukannya cara ia boleh dikenalpasti dan juga kaedah penstabilan zon ini dibincangkan dengan menggunakan beberapa contoh dari kawasan Kuala Lumpur. Abstract This note discusses one aspect of engineering geologic problems in karst areas which is caused by the occurrence of a weak soil zone above the limestone bedrock. Characteristics of this weak soil zone its mode of formation method by which it can be identified as well as the method for stabilization of this zone are discussed using several examples from the Kuala Lumpur area. Pengenalan Kawasan batukapur merupakan satu kawasan yang sangat menarik perhatian para jurutera awam, memandangkan pelbagai masalah geologi dan geoteknik yang sering terdapat di kawasan ini, sepertimana yang pernah dibincangkan oleh Tan & Batchelor (1981), Ting & Ladchumanan (1974), Ting (1985), Chan & Hong (1985), Omar & Hon (1985), Sowers (1975, 1982) dan seumpamanya. Walau bagaimanapun, kebanyakan perbincangan terdahulu lebih tertumpu kepada masalah yang berkait dengan ciri-ciri jasad batuan batukapur sendiri, seperti profil batudasar yang berpuncak, rongga-rongga dan saluran bawah tanah di dalam batukapur, dan sebagainya. Catatan ini menyentuhi pula satu aspek masalah geologi kejuruteraan yang terdapat di kawasan kars yang dinamakan sebagai masalah zon tanah lemah di atas batukapur dasar. Ini adalah satu masalah yang disebabkan oleh berlakunya satu zon atau lapisan tanah yang bersifat sangat lemah yang meliputi permukaan batukapur dasar. Sifat zon tanah lemah ini, cara pembentukannya, cara ia boleh dikenalpasti, dan juga kaedah penstabilan zon ini dibincangkan di bahagian-bahagian berikut. Contoh-contoh yang ditunjukkan di sini diambil dari kawasan sekitaran Kuala Lumpur, kesemuanya dari tapak pembinaan bangunan tinggi. Kesan kehadiran zon tanah lemah tersebut dalam rekabentuk dan kstabilan tapak bangunan tinggi adalah satu perkara utama yang tetap diberi penelitian khas oleh para jurutera tapak. ISSN Warta Geologi Vol. 12 No. 2 Mar-Apr 1986.

4 52 Sifat zon tanah 1emah Zon tanah 1emah yanq berkenaan se1a1unya ter1etak terus di atas batukapur dasar. Zon ini bo1eh didapati pada keda1aman yanq cetek, misa1nya 30 m, atau pada tempat yanq sanqat da1am, iaitu 100 m dari permukaan tanah. Ia terdiri daripada bahan tanah yanq sanqat 1embut, biasanya tepu atau penuh denqan air, menyebabkan ia kadanqka1a bersifat seperti benda1ir. Butiran tanahnya bo1eh terdiri daripada butiran ha1us (tanah 1iat dan ke1odak) atau butiran kasar (pasir). vlarnanya pula pe1baqai, (kuninq, coke1at, ke1abu dan sebaqainya) berqantunq kepada tanah asa1nya, iaitu sama ada tanah yanq ter1etak di atasnya ia1ah daripada a1uvium, tanah baki formasi Bukit Kenny atau tanah tanih yanq lain. Keteba1an zon 1emah ini berju1at daripada beberapa meter hinqqa 30 m, dan biasanya tidak seraqam disesuatu tapak pembinaan. Da1am zon tanah 1emah ini kadanq-kadanq ditemui juqa ronqqa yanq bersaiz hinqga 5 m panjanq. Di kawasan Kuala Lumpur, kehadiran zon tanah 1emah ini serinq didapati di tapak pembinaan yang ter1etak berhampiran dengan sempadan batuan formasi Bukit Kenny dan Batukapur Kuala Lumpur. Ini bererti bahawa sega1a projek kejuruteraan yanq ter1etak berhampiran denqan sempadan batuan tersebut, khasnya projek bangunan tinggi, harus1ah berhati-hati dan dija1ankan penyiasatan tapak yanq mencukupi untuk menentukan taburan dan tatarajah zon tanah 1emah ini se1ain daripada ciri-ciri geo1ogi bawah tanah yanq lain. Cara pembentukan Zon tanah 1emah ini dipercayai dihasi1kan oleh proses per1u1uhawaan batukapur, khasnya proses pe1arutan batukapur oleh airtanah yanq beqitu qiat di kawasan tropika. Pe1arutan batukapur bukan sahaja menqhasi1kan profi1 yanq berpuncak, bahkan ia juga menurunkan paras batudasar hingqa seqa1a tanah-tanih atau saki baik proses 1u1uhawa/pe1arutan yanq berhampiran denqan batudasar terus ikut menurun atau menjatuh memasuki 1ekukan-1ekukan atau 1urah antara puncak. Proses penurunan atau runtuhan tanah dan saki baki proses pe1arutan ini akan beransur naik di dalam tanah penutup yanq asa1, maka akhirnya terjadi1ah satu zon tanah yanq terkacau teruk di antara batudasar denqan tanah penutup. Denqan proses pembentukan yanq sedemikian, maka bo1eh diumumkan bahawa keteba1an zon tanah 1emah ini tidak seraqam dan akan bertambah di tempa t tempat yanq berdekatan dengan 1ekukan atau 1urah di mana juga penemuan ronqqa da1am tanah ada1ah 1ebih biasa. Pendek kata, zon tanah lmah ini mewaki1i bahan tanah atau saki baki batuan ter1u1uhawa yang te1ah runtuh akibat daripada pe1arutan batukapur dasar. Pe1arutan ini 1ebih qiat di sepanjanq 1urah (bekas kekar atau retakan di da1am batukapur) di mana resapan dan hakisan airtanah i tu ada1ah 1ebih aktif dan berkesan. Cara zon nah 1emah dikena1pasti kaedah SPT Cara yanq pa1inq berkesan untuk menqena1pasti zon tanah 1emah tersebut ia1ah denqan menqqunakan Ujian Penusukan Piawai (Standard Penetration Test, SPT, Sanq1erat, 1972). Penqqunaan kaedah SPT da1am pembezaan pelbaqai jenis tanah pernah dibincanqkan dahu1u, contohnya Tan (1983, 1984, 1986). Da1am kajian zon tanah 1emah ini, SPT memainkan peranan utama da1am menqena1pastikan

5 53 zon tersebut dengan menguji kekonsistenan atau kepadatan setempat zon ini, di mana nilai SPT adalah sangat rendah, iaitu SPT 0. Rajah 1 hingga 4 menunjukkan empat contoh kejadian zon tanah lemah di empat tapak bangunan yang berlainan di Kuala Lumpur. Kesemua tapak ini dialasi oleh batukapur yang berpuncak. Tanah penutup asal yang terdapat berbeza-beza dan terdiri daripada aluvium dan tanah baki formasi Bukit Kenny. Contoh 2 dan 3 terletak berhampiran dengan sempadan batuan formasi Bukit Kenny dan batukapur Kuala Lumpur. Hanya empat contoh sahaja diberikan di sn. Centeh-conteh yang lain dengan butir-butir lanjut boleh diperelehi daripada Ch'ng (1984) dan juga daripada beratusan laporan penyiasatan tanah yang sedia ada di kawasan Kuala Lumpur. c o E o - c; ;- -.:r := II/ S PT 1! A Nilol'N.! o 0 tn _If) I. If':' F=f r.:: e:? :j:- i:. :::..'.,. ':=:- a Tanah IIat.. [2 ',.,., Kelodak m :. :':: Paslr Kell ir Batukapur retak Rajah 1 Jalan Ampang Menunjukkan aluvium di atas batukapur. SPT bagi aluvium sekitar 2-15, kebanyakan SPT < 10. Berhampiran batudasar, SPT 0, menandakan kejadian zen tanah lemah dari kedalaman 26 m - 33 m.

6 54 o SPT Fig. 2a. Fig. 2b. Rajah 2a Jalan Tun Ismail Menunjukkan tanah baki fermasi Bukit Kenny di atas batukapur. Nilai SPT bagi tanah baki fermasi Bukit Kenny agak tinggi (10 - >50). Berhampiran batukapur, SPT O,menandakan zen lemah setebal 25 m. Kedalaman zen lemah ini sekitar 100 m dari permukaan tanah. Rajah 2b Jalan Tun Razak Menunjukkan tanah baki fermasi Bukit Kenny di atas batukapur. Nilai SPT tanah Bukit Kenny >50. SPT berkurang menuju batudasar (SPT = 8-20 bagi zen lemah). Satu perkara yang amat penting dan perlu ditegaskan di sini ialah hakikat bahawa zen tanah lemah ini beleh dan sering berlaku di kedalaman yang ekstrim (misalnya hingga = 100 m) dan terletak di bawah tanah baki fermasi Bukit Kenny yang keras/kaku (SPT >50) - centeh 2 & 3. Penyiasatan tanah yang tidak mencukupi, misalnya penggerudian tanah yang tamat dalam tanah baki fermasi Bukit Kenny tanpa mengesan kejadian zen lemah, boleh membawa akibat yang buruk kepada pendasaran dan kejayaan prejek.

7 SPT Tanah --- liat kelodak ac III.. III..30 E z c %40 c oct 2 c a oct III ;i 50 0 UJ ::.: 20 Tanah liat Paslr Kelodak Paslr Batuapur 70 Batukapu r ' ', ' I SPT= 0 80 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Rajah 3 Jalan Tun Razak Menunjukkan tanah baki formasi Bukit Kenny di atas batukapur. SPT bagi tanah baki formasi Bukit Kenny kebanyakannya melebihi 50. tanah lemah setebal 30 m, dan mengandungi satu rongga-(dalamtanah) bersaiz 5 m. Nilai Zon yang Rajah 4 Jalan Tun Razak Menunjukkan aluvium atas batukapur. Aluvium terdiri daripada tanah liat, kelodak danpasir dengan nilai SPT yang rendah «10). Tanah lemah (pasir) di atas batukapur mempunyai SPT o. Batukapur di sini mehgandungi gua/rongga yang diisi oleh tanah lemah (SPT 0) juga.

8 56 Kaedah penstabilan Setelah zon tanah lemah ini dikesan dan penyiasatan terperinci telah dilakukan terhadapnya, beberapa cara untuk mengatasi masalah zon lemah ini boleh dilakukan. Salah satu cara yang agak berkesan dan baru-baru sahaja dikenalkan di Malaysia ialah Kaedah Penurapan Jet (Jet Grouting) yang menggunakan penurapan simen bawah tekanan yang tinggi. Dalam proses ini, turap simen diinjeksi melalui lubang gerudi pada kedalaman yang tertentu supaya tanah lemah itu dapat dicampur-aduk dengan turap dan kemudian menghasilkan satu selinder tanah yang keras. Penurapan itu diulang pada keseluruhan tapak pembinaan di mana zon tanah lemah itu ditemui, dengan tujuan menggantikan zon tanah lemah itu dengan satu lapisan tanah yang agak keras. Keberkesanan program penurapan jet itu kemudian diuji dengan melakukan Ujian Penusukan Piawai atau penggerudian semula untuk mengambil teras tanah untuk diperiksa. Walau bagaimanapun, kaedah penurapan jet ini melibatkan perbelanjaan yang agak tinggi dan kejayaan kaedah ini masih belum dapat dipastikan memandangkan ianya baru sahaja diperkenalkan di sini. Kesimpulan Catatan ini telah membincangkan serba sedikit mengenai zon tanah lemah yang terdapat di atas batukapur dasar di kawasan Kuala Lumpur. Zon ini merupakan tanah yang sangat lemah yang boleh menyebabkan beberapa masalah kepada pendasaran sesuatu bangunan. Walaupun perbincangan di sini terhad kepada kawasan Kuala Lumpur sahaja, adalah dipercayai bahawa keadaan yang serupa mungkin juga terdapat di kawasan kars yang lain, seperti di Lembah Kinta, Kedah, Perlis dan sebagainya, terutama sekali di mana terdapat batuan sedimen/metasedimen yang dialasi oleh batukapur. Rujukan Chan, S.F. & Hong, L.P., Pile foundations in limestone areas of Malaysia. Proc. 8th. S.E. Asian Geotechnical Conference, March 1985, Kuala Lumpur, pp to I ChIng, S.C., Geologi Kejuruteraan Batukapur Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Tesis SmSn, UKM, 273 m.s. Omar, I. & Hon, T.F., Piled foundation in limestone formation. Proc. 8th. S.E. Asian Geotechnical Conference, March 19 85, Kuala Lumpur, pp to Sanglerat, G., Publishing Co. The penetrometer and soil exploration, Elsevier Sowers, G.F., Failures in limestones of the humid sub-tropics. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, Proc. A.S.C.E., 101, GT8, pp Sowers, G.F., Foundations on limestones. Technical talk delivered at Univ. of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.

9 57 Tan, B.K. & Batchelor, B., Foundation problems in limestone areas. A case study in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Proc. International Symposium on weak rock, Sept. 1981, Tokyo, pp Tan, B.K., 1983a. Koluvium atau granit terurai; aluvium muda atau aluvium tua? Kaedah tanpa geologie Warta GeoZogi, Newsletter Geological Society of Malaysia, Vol. 9, n. 2, pp Tan, B.K., 1983b. In-situ soil testing at the Bekok damsite, Johor, Peninsular Malaysia. Proc. Int. Symposium on in-situ testing, Paris, vol. 2, pp Tan, B.K., pretations Congress on April 1984, Use of the Standard Penetration Test for Ground Inter Some Examples from Peninsular Malaysia. 5th Regional Geology, Mineral & Energy Resources of Southeast Asia, Kuala Lumpur (Abstract only, p. 34). Tan, B.K., Use of the Standard Penetration Test for Ground Interpretations Some Examples from Peninsular Malaysia. Proc. 5th Int. Congress, International Association of Engineering Geology, October 1986, Buenos Aires (In press) Ting, W.B., Foundation in limestone areas of Malaysia. Special Lecture, Proc. 8th S.E. Asian Geotechnical Conference, March 1985, Kuala Lumpur, pp Ting, W.B. & Ladchumanan, K., Foundations of a 17 - Storey building on a pinnacled limestone formation in Kuala Lumpur. Proc. of the Conference on Tall Buildings, Dec. 1974, Kuala Lumpur, pp Manuscript received 23 March 1986.

10 , THE SARAH MELANGE 58 A STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT? Sanudin Hj. Tahir & Tan Tebng Hing, Jabatan Sains Bumi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kampus Sabah. Generally the stratigraphy of Sabah has not been rigidly established since the relationship between several formations as well as their boundaries still remain unknown. -Several uncertainties exist particularly with reference to the loctioh' of the lower and the upper boundaries of the so-called 'Chert Spilite Formation', and its relationship with the Basement Complex and other sedimentary formations. Although some preliminary works have been done on them (Fitch, 1955; Haile and Nong, 1965), more studies have to be undertaken to give abetter understanding of the Sabah stratigraphy. Field observations indicate that every outcrop of the 'Chert-Spilite Formation' is invariably associated with sheared ophilitic rocks as well as olistholiths. Theophilit!c rocks outcropping at Ranau-Telupid area and at Lahat Datu-Silam 'area contain megabloc'ks of chert and spilite. Similarly, the olistholiths which have been mapped as Wariu Formation present in the Kinabalu-Kota Belud area, as Ayer Formation in Dent Peninsula area and as Kuamut Formation in Darvel Bay-Segama Valley area, also contain chert and spilite. From these associations, it can be inferred that part of the ophiolite suite with its spilite and perhaps chert had been brecciated, transported and deposited together with the olistholiths. The sedimentary formations mentioned earlier, consisting of sheared breccias, blocks and megablocks of resistant 'or' coherent rocks (including chert and spilite) embedded in highly sheared matrix of clay or phyllites could therefore be possiblyidentifiedcts melanges. The latter were believed to have been formed as a result of regional shearing and large-block submarine slumping onto a tectonically unstable and perhaps warping Basement Complex. Though Hamilton (1979) has postulated the occurrences of Tertiary melange in Sabah based on descriptions of rocks and formations studied by various geologists, the origin of chert and spilite has not been adequately explained. The absence of type section or locality for the 'Chert-Spilite Formation', particularly in Sabah and generally in Borneo, prompts that the outcrops of chert and spilite in the melanges are broken blocks of the ophiolite suites. The 'Chert-Spilite Formation', until today, has not been classified as a proper rock unit in Sabah. Based on the above observation and reasoning, the stratigraphy of Sabah, at least part of it, should be reexamined. It is suggested here that the three sedimentary formations, viz., the Wariu Formation, the Ayer Formation and the Kuamut Formation with included chert and spilite, all having features of melange, be grouped together as one mappable body and be termed as the 'Sabah Melange'. In addition, the chert and spilite, being part of the ophiolite suite and are presently disposed chaotically in the melange, should not be grouped and termed as the 'Chert-Spilite-Formation' in the stratigraphy of Sabah. ISSN WQPta GeoZogi, Vol. 12, No.2, MQP-Apr 1986.

11 59 Reference Fitch, F.H., The geology and mineral resources of the Segama Valley and Darvel Bay area, Colony of North Borneo. Brit. Borneo Geol. Survey, Mem. 4, 142 pp. The geology and mineral resources of Haile, N.S. and Wong, N.P.Y., Dent PeninsuZa Sabah. Geo1. Survey Borneo Region, Malaysia, Mem. 16, 199 pp. ami1ton, W., Tectonics of the Indonesian region. u.s. Geo1. Survey Prof. Paper 1078, 345 pp. Manuscript received 7 April 1986.

12 60 PERHUBUNGAN LAIN (OTHER COMMUNICATIONS) P.G. Fookes: An Introduction to Weathered Rock and Residual Soils for Engineers Consulting Engineering Geologist, Visiting Professor, Queen Mary College, London. Introduction This is the second lecture in the JKR (Jabatan Kerja Raya) Axle Load Study series, the first was on concrete. This lecture is the first on geotechnical aspects of road engineering and is designed to introduce the concepts and features of rock weathering (particularly in a tropical climate) and residual soils. It is not specific to Malaysia and will treat the topic on a fairly broad and worldwide scale. Weathering The slow breakdown of rock exposed on the earth's surface is called weathering. It ultimately leads to the formation of a fully weathered rock i.e. a soil, which because it is not formed by deposition from water (e.g. as alluvium) or from air (e.g. sand dunes), is called an in-situ or 'residua' soil. Much of the ground surface of Malaysia is covered with tropical residual soils. Weathering can be sub-divided into the following principal forms. (a) (b) (c) Physical (or Mechanical) Weathering-e.g. the freezing/thawing of water in joints and cracks (especially in cold climates), day/night and seasonal temperature changes (especially in hot desert climates) causes the physical breakdown of rock to smaller particles e.g. talus or gravel. Chemical Weathering the principal form of weathering in hot (or warm) humid climates. This causes the chemical breakdown of rock with the development of new minerals to form residual soils. In cold or dry climates the rate of formation is much slower so the development of a thick sequence of weathered rock leading to a thick layer of residual soil (as in Malaysia) does not happen. Biological Weathering is important particularly in the upper layers of residual soil but is generally far less significant as a form of weathering than physical or chemical weathering. As can be seen the climate plays a very significant part in the type of weathering. Also of significance is the parent rock type, some rocks, particular igneous and metamorphic rocks (i.e. those not formed on the earth's surface) break down on chemical weathering much more than the sedimentary rocks (i.e. those formed on the earth's surface). The local agencies of erosion, e.g. running water, hill slope, also play an important part in

13 61 determining the rate of weathering and formation of the particular type of residual soil. Fe 1 summarises the factors and processes of weathering. Figure 2 is conceptual cross section of the earth surface from the north or south pole to the equator showing the different relative thickness of the rock weathering and residual soil formed in response to the climate. Malaysia is in the tropical rainforest zone. Figure 3 is a world map of the distribution of weathering forms. As can be seen all the States of Malaysia are in the zone dominated by chemical weathering. Weathered Rock The ground surface down to the fresh rock is the weathered profile. Figure 4 shows a typical profile. It may vary in practice from a few tens of centimetres to tens even hundreds of metres. In Malaysia it is often many tens of metres especially in igneous rocks (e.g. the local granites). Several schemes exist for sub-dividing the various stages of weathering (from fresh rock to the fully developed residual soil). Most schemes with a world wide acceptance have a six fold division. Figure 5 gives a typical scheme (after BS 5930) from weathering grade I, the fresh rock, to grade VI, the residual soil and the diagnostic features which enable the different grades to be recognised on the cut slope face, drill core or laboratory sample. Although the engineering characteristics vary with different rock types and their discontinuities, generalised statements can be made about their characteristics related to weathering grade. Figure 6 gives the description which defines the six weathering grades and as an example, typical characteristics of road or concrete aggregate made from rock of that weathering grade. In general rock of grades I and II require blasting for excavation, III may require some blasting to.loosen and help ripping, and up to these grades the material is usually considered as a rock and is amenable to rock mechanics analysis in an engineering situation. Grades IV, V and VI generally behave like a soil, for example they are generally rippable or scrapable, have significant compressibility and in grades V and VI posess plasticity. They are usually amenable to soil mechanics analysis in an engineering situation. Grades III and IV can show some properties of both rock and soil and may well be problematical for engineering investigation, design and construction. Residual Soils In tropical areas of abundant rainfall and with high temperatures and good drainage conditions the chemical weathering, especially in weathering grades III, IV and V, typically leads to the formation of kaolin clay minerals and hydrated iron and aluminium oxides. Resistant particles like quartz and mica remain in the soil. As weathering proceeds from grades V to VI kaolin decreases and the hydrated oxides of iron and aluminium progressively alter to iron and aluminium sesquioxides. Because of the relatively high iron content the resulting soils are usually yellow or red coloured. Some soils may harden as a result of

14 62 cementing action to form laterite. If they are still soft when cut and then harden they are called plinithite. Near to the borders of the tropics, with lower rainfalls and with marked wet and dry seasons and with poor drainage, montmorillonite clay mineral soils the black 'cotton' residual soils, are formed. The weathering of young volcanic rocks may also lead to the formation of montmorillonite soils but continues weathering of these soils leads to the formation of allophane and halloysite. Engineering properties of residual soils vary considerably. Kaolin rich soils tend to be of low plasticity and high strength, montmorillonite allophanes and halloysites of higher plasticity and lower strength. The soils in Peninsular Malaysia are predominantly tropical red residual soils with some true laterites types and only partly laterised soils. The true laterites may be fossil soils formed under an earlier different climate. Engineering test results on red soils are often variable and'difficult to reproduce especially tests relating to clay fraction. In an engineering laboratory soils are prepared for analysis by drying and then mixing in water with a dispersing agent. The means of drying can have a significant effect on the test results. For example plastic soils may even give results indicating they are not plastic! The dispersing agent used to defloculate the cldy particles may not be efficient in the normal engineering method and it is done only once. Many red soils can then refloculate to differing amounts and give variable test results. Pedological methods of analysis (not used by engineers) which use repeated dispersions and different analytical techniques may be more appropriate for some soils. Figure 7 and 8 give examples of the extreme behaviour of some tropical soils under various test conditions, kaolin rich soils (as probably predominant in Malaysia) generally' show much more moderate behaviour. Figure 9 is a map of the world wide distribution of residual soils and Figure 10 is of typical ranges of engineering properties of the weathered profile. Manuscript received 28 ApriZ 1986.

15 FACTORS VARIABLES PROCESS RESPONSE YIELD PROCESS YIELD wi A 'HUItfG thyiion_ihi ( ( IUH(IIOH,,,.. r---- A.. '..,.. toe l'ftc'.. _..,. W. UhtO'tttll uutologtc A',,INCltON,.. tn', &.. b ('.&tii.. u $1'(11 IIOrt( hjnci't;)... '..,.. ' a.e , h._..o'w'e' r--- ''AI wia...:.. (,r.. '.. 'h 01..,.. I' 0.,.. W..,.. ph,l.,oi ( 0, r--.. poc, r-- y.ew...'8 ( P'' G,.. '.. n.. e.. lot,.'. '..! (hi_ai wl.. _'.. r-- ',.II1I4'I e.. ''-H., 4_.. cht. to _.CI 00..'. lee,.. 0., ',4.01,.. ec'- '.' s b.. O.,. ai r- t-- f--- ',.ev.. a.. f ,., Au..,.. (... ' IIOlOCICA' A(II.,., I--- r- ek.. 0.,,01.., f I.. -.,.I.heAv...p.. r.,o -,.. (.._'...' 0,.. r--- IChelvl..,.. w 'ti..'..,,,'ali.'cd 'IHl'' 1«51$'.'1 II 'Out.1 ('A' -leiaih' ClAI ti.'.. UfO. --,. Nlw'.. II.' - toft (ttamg AI I (la'tort Ho' C C.' W(.'UIJltG $O!.UIIO. 'OlUIU - CI'_ ttco, OIC;A'IC MAnu I.,.f.'... Ho.C.,.. _U 'ta$' - f-- r'''i'.' D M'8' '0II.. Cv'll.,.., tto' -- II.. l.o Iot..,.. ( tt..-, ' ,'.''...d..' '.4.. Wpo w..,.de tot'olte., c.. C.'' '. ' 0' w General diagram of the factors and processes of weathering.

16 3000 Tundra Taiga - podlol zone Steppe S.mide,.rt and d.,.rt Savanna Tropical forest. Savanna zone> 3000mm 2100 E 2.00 E 2100, :2 'ji 'u 'boo 10 loo TO 00 Evaporation... '.'-_.-.'. /.: '..'.:, Zone of mobility of all components >C. Fresh rock m Zone of gruu eluvium. lillie allered chemically Hydromicamontmorillanite beidellite zone Koolinite zone liiiiii1l Ocher AI20 2 Soil ormour Fe202 + AIJ9, t t Zone of increased mobility 0( Relationships between climate and weathering mantles (alter Strakhov. 1967),

17 65 Fig. 3 Cance, Y M MeehanlCGl C Chemical l.nelucl.'9 btolo91cal 1 Me' Mechanical wealhett'v domlnales Cm. Chemical _lhe,,'v domlnales _ Eal.nl 01 PlIIISlOC.. permolroll c, } 9 ::0 Cm,?!... Me;, :' Me -- em. T' 'r '. C+M 0- Eallnt 01 PIeIs'OC permofrost Boundarr '0 sem.iii and d,ie, zones. L.mil 01 I _ldespr.ad permofros. Llml' 01 pe,moltost duttnt Ic. Ate 'Yf' Presenl dlsllibulton 01 wealhering types B.ased on dala 'rom Washburn (1919): Meigs (1953): Flinl ( and Strakhov (1967).. HUWS, TOPSOIL ::. _ -.-' 1- SOIL : --'.'.., II Fiq. 4 COMPL TELY WEATHERED Sclle.. cic Diaqr.. of 'lyfical Troplcal Prot11e (fro. L.lcc1e. 1969) HIGHLY WEATHERED MODER.. TELY WEATHERED oc to 901);g;?;;fj 3;e;; SLIGHTLY WEATHERED FRESH ROCK 11f..1. stain t

18 r---- f--- TERH CRADE UIACIIOSTIC W.f[RIAl ,. featultes '. ' Disr.oJoliration friabilily Tcxture Dlscoloucatlofl Octedoratlon Struclure, t.o fr(sii II. ciiscoloratlon ;, '-' Io alscolouratlon -- deterioration Dlscolouratlon faihtly rc:.tricted to M:ATHERED 18 Not surfaces of ' dlsconunui tics frlable SIJght Deterioration SLlCHTl Y _ Sllgh!t penetration of restricted to. Structurc WEATHERED II discolouration Texture dlscolouration nick adjacent to Inrrards from discontinuities preserved preserve«$ di sconunu I ties mderately III less than 50S WEAJHER[O deterioration I.IASS ',,,' L Hure. than S HIGHLY IV Discoloured Partly Discoloured deterioration W(ATHERED fdable - CQHPLETELY WEA1HERED V friable Complete deter ior.auon RESIDUAL VI Texture Structure SOil destroyed destroye'

19 Ter', Freeh IA No vi. ible. ign of rock material we'ther Ing. Aggreoate prop'lrtiea not influenced by v8atheriliu. Hiner'Al con. t.it.. nta.,f rock.re fresh and aoun<l. Yain(ly veathered 10 Oi.coloup,tl. n on major disc.,,,tlnuit (n. joint) urfacer.1i'.. 1 cunllli- '!I0reo't.' 1''I',rlies not siunific'nlly influence.1 10>' 'lnther;'u' tllunls sound. Slightly veath'red (this!lrad. I' c'l'hle of furth er subdivision) II ljiscolourftti.on indicatea wealhering of ruck material al,d disc.,nt.i. u! ty surf'ces.11 ti,l: rock mllterlal may be dtllc'lo'rcd by wrntlllu'in!l nnd mlly be..,mewhat veaker ti,,'n in itll fr.:. h cnr:rlition. '!IUr'J't., l'ro'.. Ucs mny hc. 'i!li,ificantl, I,,''ulncc.1 loy 'enlh', in'o. Strllllgth 'nil IlI,rA'jCtIl chlrtocterisl ica 'how som. veakenlng. :;ome Alte.. tlnn,.f roi''ral Ch.ll.llluents vith n.i crocrack i II!I. tloderately veathered III Less than hal t of thc rock.. t'r i' lis dec. onltl's-:d and/or dlel,ilegruted to A aoil. Fr&'' fir dl,, colnured rock Ie l're sent. either.. R C'! illllnlls Cr.meork or AS corea tones.'iii t::''t.: prupc:rtictt 'ill be aill. ific.,. tl iliflucnc'.1 l. v'the. ill!l. Soun.III'. ' CIIl'rDC- Icritlcs mllrk'dly a(fect'd. Alter. tlon of. liner,,1 cun=-titu=nts con..,ou alld nnlc:h.nicruc.-ack i fi. liighl Y ve'thcr.,.j IV tlore.th an h.1 C of the rock matori,,1 is ducon'.s'd and/o die,,;teur.,.ted to sol I. re. h Clr discoloured rock is present either All A di. co. ti'u.. tramework r Aft coreatonea. Nul u'n'r'll s'itah1e (or auuregate hut may he s. itllbl.. {cor lovel' I,'rt' of 'ono I 'v.. onl.nd h rdc ore. Completely weathered v All rock m.teri. 1 is decomposed alld/or dlsilltegrated to aoil. The original ''ss IIIlI'uchlrc is stllllaroaly Intact. /'101. ui tnble (0.' A!1lreUi>te. or.'vcn,e.' nlily be.ui talll. ' or select ClIl. 'ut I/cII!.lu VI All rodt material is converted to soll. The.. '. structure and.. terial fabric are destroyed. Th<:'a la a lal'o' change III volume, bul the s. il atl II h.. not been significantly li ansl'ort'd. tiny be suil,,'i. for rando. fill. Art., Anon (1<J17). 'lllft de8c;:ril.tloll o( rclck..'se. C.. elluilllle'illll 'UI 'o'ea. For 1J,,'erftl el1linoerll'll characlo'iatlc', a'a.'0'1',,. U''mnll A F. 'I<IIII (1');1) <7'

20 68 ' 'M..' ' 'Mf I.. ;. : a.. Ie J w,.. Ii'..'.-w r '-i I.', -.. &ffeet ot 1U&1 TiM Gn c/ie t.lqui4 t.lait of ila4 Clay!.leny. (fra. IUll.rd. 1'2,.. C141q u. 19'41!ffe of IlaM014iAq.4 S. qw.ojd.de RelllOyd :xl ':Ae en1n 51_ ot :'cedtle So.l.':' (f=- TI:Iw'n.,,4 n d _l_.._ ,.. o. Ie t., c '.,.. nle Influence of l4ec:tod of S.. le PrepeeUon and t.iioau Procechue on eo.peetion OIaraetodat1.e. :If tedtle SoU fro. :I'IlIIe ((I'IIM t;ldl'uu. 19'4' 'IITS1OL 'AOPEJtnD or U1I1IIMOtDIID, RI:MOtDm AIID SI:SQUrOXIDl:-FRD taftlutlc son. (fr 1'o_e,,4 et al, 19'1' S. quloa.l.de Propen:y Un reaol ded._lde4,,.. tj.qw.d t.l1l1 t (perc:e't),luue Ll.a1t (percent) 'luuc.l.ty In4e' (percent) S ) ]9. S 40.1 ]Z.l 18. ] Z Specif1c Cuy1 ty.ao 2.80 l.u 'rocto (kn/.', o.ndty ) 13 Fig. 7 opuaua..,1 a tun CDnt.anl; (perc.nt) I ] S 29.5

21 69 tfnc't or AIIl DII'tI1lC CIC I1It1EX 1IOP!R'l'IES or A IfYt)AATm u.ti!rltz CO'-T rjlolc 'NI!WIa.II rsluids (.ttel' lfu.ll., n CUlq.', Index 'rop.h. II. (ac N.'e.l PIOl.' Ccneentl h (P&l'!'al ue dr, ln91 Ory (oolee Ai I' drylnql _rlc. S&.nd content (' )0 H 96 Ohpenlon peioe o hydro_eel' telt. lth.odi_.1l1c.e 5Ut coneent (') ( _I 14 L7 II C:lay content (' «0.005 _I ]6 H ) l.i.quld t.ll11t (' '1uUe: l1alt (' P1ut1e:l Lndex (' 24S ljs llo 217 NP ' 71 lip Soulnq in..,'t.!ar 7 day. dld not: cau.ae I'8q&1n o( plutlc:lty 10lt due to the &11' d:y1nq x 6 UJ jested WIthout air drylnq Tested ofter dryinq (sorre scill A Andosol I. I.otosol? Not known OL L o (rol PlASTIC) L1QUIO LIMIT Effect of Dryln' on the AttArboer' U. lu of So.. Tropic:al 50ih (fre. PIOdn and Todor. 1975) Fig. 8

22 70 Fig. 9 Tundra salls (black - brown salls ) 2 Talqo and Northern Forest soll ( Podzols and qrey- brown soils) 3a Prairie, or Steppe lonq-qrass soils (Chernozems) 10 Steppe short-qrass (Chestnut-brown) soils and Desert Salls (red-qrey) 3b Medlterraneon.. oodland SOli (red- yellow) and scrub M 4 Savannah qrass and scrub salls ('allihcrold and Yillow - and dark q'y - black soils) and Trolllcal rain foresl SOils (red-yellow) Mounlaln condillons control sollqeneration ' moinly thin soil profiles Lat Type Iocahty for Laterite (for dist,.bulion see Chapter 20) (, Red -qrey desert soils of ( 30 ) General distribution of soils. Based on data from Bridges (1970): I(ellog (1950): Thornbury (1969): and Walton LftC'', loti,'olllvr. I Otcr.o,,,' ma.'.. PECOCA!. I:So.l+e.), I PEDAlFEIt (, So.1 + AI + I) IPEOOCA!. HoI SltOC>e ' :; I!. :.. Cool ArCtiC Trop.c.I Sa'n'ft MeG.-.:Je,.' IftOrt 9,olS 10'1 qr.' lna.d bt'i N lor.' T',,4,0,o.ft '()til' 'lfraneott eci I:f l:j A iiiei. A III, S 2, II: 0. Frolln ii oj. 9rftG I... C a:.'. II: B C., 5 ell '9,1. c. Jl.. qog'''' enslnvl' Cho<..', Podrolf Blac_, RIG'yellOw a-own T blown p,.'. bro.' to'h 'ola Soils of the major chmanc vegetation regions.. CaCO, found in soil profiles of warm dry flgions Ca. Si. Fe-Calcite. Silica. Iron precioitate. often as a hard durable crust (duricrust)

23 71 Fig. 10 S o 1 L erode VI V r a v &. III C K II Sovndo r y cri I ef' io. - ' O riglnol tejduf'e _. --. pr.,ent ob - -CCW9,tenet. ----' ': pres.ent,!. :i :.' --Rock:SoiI.. 50:50- l!;! --S'I :J- ::. ';.;:. present._ -. Dlscolorohon obt Rock:Soil StrenQth OS SOO MN/m' K i:'l m(1 unil1 D.fOt'mabilitr VI V IV III 5 I L!I R o C K --' Low High An idealized weathering profile and the general engineering p'operties of each horizon 3: ' ':i Hr l 02 oe VL '-+_+_+-', V>< STRENGTH ' x v. ( M. y M.. H v.. l Prj',. i-, -- Yr.: I - C.r. I i, 1 -r I Vl I L. M I vw EMI BREAKWATER STONE '.. l M M ' j - 5(APf l 1L1sT : 10 'ctuf'.- I I I T- ILA',_ r-!0l- >-!_ AI'.. - '!. [M ':l v.., H 0: 2 0:.., I I '- Vl Vl l I w I M v. fh SUfNC.TM Vl ST(NGTH EH VH H H l. Vl El EXTREMELY HIGH very HIGH HIGH MEDIUM LOW VERY low EXTREMELY. low EXCAVATION DREDGING I Portly alte ' FOOkps. C»ormon g Frank'n Simple graphical relallonships betwecn excavaiion and dredging, o i rock. and selection of breakwatcr stone. to the fracturc spacing a nd uncnnrlned com['lre ss ivc strength of Ihe rock dctermined during sile investigation

24 72 PERTEMUAN PERSATUAN (MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY) CERAMAH TEKNIKAL (TECHNICAL TALKS) S. Uyeda: Subduction Zones Abstrak (Abstract) Subduction is not only the count erpart process to seafloor spreading in the plate tectonic regime but is also the major driving mechanism of p late motions. Various,features characteristic to subduction zones are reviewed from a geotectonic viewpoint and their impacts on human society are considered. The features of subduction zones are difficult to explain by a single model. The importance of recognizing the existence of two basic and contrasted modes in subduction controlled by the strength of coupling between subducting and overriding plates is demonstrated. The two modes are High Stress Chilean-type subduction and LOt,) Stress Nar iana-type subduction. Collision and accretion of buoyant features on seafloor an inevitable consequence of subduction is important in t he evolution of continents. Laporan (Report) Prof. Dr. S. Uyeda, who is Professor of Geophysics at the Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, presented the talk at the Geology Department, University of Malaya on 17 arch Professor Uyeda is the author of many scholarly articles and books, including the recent Debate About the Earth: Approach to Geophysics Through Analysis of Continental Drift and The New View of the Earth. Prof. Uyeda is in Malaysia as external e xaminer in Geology at the Geology Department, University of Malaya. He kept the crowd of 35 fully satisfied with his e xcellent presentation and the lively discussions that ensued. G.H. Teh S. UYEDA J. C. BRIDEN

25 73 J.C. Briden: Palaeomagnetism and tectonic displacement Professor Briden of Leeds University, and who has recently taken up the post of Earth Sciences Director at NERC, took the opportunity of presenting this talk (on 20 March 1986) while in Malaysia as an external examiner at the Geology Department of University of Malaya. Professor Briden reviewed the achievements and state-of-the-art of palaeomagnetism in which he is a leading figure. The role that palaeomagnetism has played in tracking the motions of the continents across the surface of the earth was clearly presented along with the palaeomagnetic signatures of continental collisions and fragmentations. Professor Briden pointed out that few significant revisions have been made to the apparent polar-wander paths of the major continental units over the last ten years, and that current research is shifting to the problems of tracking motions and rotations of smaller 'displaced terrains' such as those accreted onto the western coast of Northern America. Throughout his talk Professor Briden explained the importance of petrological studies to understand the mode and history of the magnetisation of a rock and to the careful relating of that direction to any isotopic age determination. This was illustrated with several examples, many from his own research group at Leeds. One such study was a determination of the peak resetting temperature for a magnetization due to the nearby intrusion of a dyke. These temperatures were determined at different distances from dykes of varying width, and could be related to modelled temperature profiles. Professor Briden cautioned however that rarely are pure thermoremanent magnetizations measured, because generally the iron oxide grains which carry the remanence are altered during the temperature changes, and that this gives rise to a chemical remanent magnetization. During the lively debate that followed the talk it was clear that the audience was appreciative of a geophysicist wo is attentive to the geological comple ties of the system he works with. C.A. Foss P. Bowden: Anorogenic tin granites: Classical,examples from Africa. Abstrak (Abstract) The. Nigerian anorogenic ring compzexes range in age from Permo-Carboniferous centres at the Niger-Nigerian border to Late Jurassic' intrusions in the south which just predate the initial opening of the Bernue trough. The disposition of the ring structures was LargeZy controlled by ancient Uneaments in the polymetamorphic basement of Pan Africa age. The complexes have some minerauzation features in common with a 400 km NE-SW zone of Palaeozoic pegmatites. The majority of the ring complexes represent the roots of vozcanoes with dominantly syenitic to granitic compositions. They are A-type granites of long time duration petrologically similar to but chronologically older than their counterparts to the north in Niger. In a few northern centres the volcanic rocks are preserved indicating an alkaline trend through hawaiite

26 74 mugearite, trachyte to r hyolite. Some mixing of contrasting magma compositions has occurred to produce andesitic suites with disequilibrium mineral reactions. I n t he Jos Plateau and other regi ons to the south, erosion has removed the volcanic cover exposing a multifarious array of granitic textures; varied subsolidus compos1:tions due to rock-fluid interaction; primary uraniumniobium, zinc-tin mineralization; and placer deposits with rich concentrates of cassiterite and other resistant ore minerals, often buried in Tertiary river systems and covered by Quaternary basaltic lava flows. Cretaceous to Recent sedi mentary successions which fringe the Plateau are important traps for secondary uranium mineralization. Laporan (Report) Prof. Peter Bowden who is with the Department of Geology, University of St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland presented the above-mentioned talk to about 15 members at the Geology Department, University of Malaya on the 7th April I t has been quite a ',hile since we last had an authority on tin granites. As such the talk proved interesting and the discussion that followed most lively. Prof. Bowden was able to better appreciate the problem of our granites as he has just participated in a field trip from Johore Baru to Kuantan and Kuala Lumpur with a group of staff members of Geology Department, University of Malaya. G.B. Teh P, BOWDEN ABDUL GHANI RAFEK Abdul Ghani Rafek: Orientation of geological planes (joints): their indirect determination and meaning in underground construction. Abstrak (Abstract) In geotechnical exploration, a rock mass classification for idealisation and evaluation of prevailing geological conditions is the main aim. The importance of geological planes in determining the technical characteristics

27 75 of a rock mass are typically illustrated by the consideration given to them in Bieniawski's rock mass classification ( 974, 1976). Where outcrops are scarce, indirect methods such as refraction seismic studies can be used to deteine the strike directions of the main geological planes. Cuch studies were conducted by the speaker to determine the main joint directions of a rock mass. The slowness-concept was applied for the interpretation of the results. A qualitative correlation was achieved between the normals to the joint strike directions and the distribution of the slowness values. Also the intensity of jointing was shown to influence the slowness values. In underground construction, depending on the depth below ground surface, geological planes can cause stability problems. In jointed rocks, sliding or falling of rock blocks or wedges causes instability. Stereographic projection can be used to analyse these problems. In the preliminary exploration phase indirect determination of the strike direction of joint sets can provide the input data for such analysis. Laporan (Report) Dr. Abdul Ghani Rafek, a lecturer with Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia who recently obtained his Doctorate from the Ruhr-Universitaet, Bochum, West Germany, presented the talk at the Geology Department, University of Malaya on 14 April Literature Bieniawski, Z.T., Geomechanics classification of rock masses and its application in tunnelling. Proc. Third International Congress On Rock Mechanics, ISR, Denver, Vol. lla. Bieniawski, Z.T., Rock mass classification in rock engineering. Proc. Symposium on Exploration for Rock Engineering, Johannesburg, Vol. 1. Blum, R., Hammerschlagseismische Feldmessungenan gekluefteten Medien. Jahresbericht SFB 77. Bock, G., Modellseismische Untersuchungen an gekluefteten Medien. Jahresbericht SFB 77. Brueckl, E. & Fuerlinger, W., Ein Vergleich von geologischen Gefuegeaufnahmen mit seismischen Messungen. Zeitschrift fuer Geophysik. Bd. 39. Bamford, D. & Nunn, K.R., In-situ measurement of crack anisotropie in the Carboniferous Limestone of Northwest England. Geophysical Prospecting 27. Hoek, E. & Brown, E.T., Underground Excavation in Rock. Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London. Rafek, A.G., Ingenieurgeologische Erkundungsarbeiten mit Hilfe indirekter Erkundungsverfahren in Umfeld der Ruhr-Universitaet Bochum. Dissertation, Ruhr-Universitaet Bochum. G.H. Teh

28 76 Bjorn Schoon: 1) Resistivity surveying and down-hole logging using ABEM terrameters. 2) Seismic refraction methods to determine thickness of overburden, depth of weathering and bedrock quality. Mr. Bjorn Schoon, a geophysicist with Atlas Capco, Sweden, gave the two talks on 23 April 1986 to about 20 members at the Geology Department, University of Malaya. Mr. Schoon started off by making a brief introduction on resistivity methods and the use of the ABEM terrameter and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) in soil, orebody and pollution investigations. Next Mr. Schoon spoke on the Seismic technique and introduced the terraloc together with the sextette software for vibration monitoring and use in the oil industry. He continued with the importance of logging and drillhole inspection especially in oil prospecting, conductivity and resistivity measurements and coal exploration. He introduced the ABEM GEOLOG 1000 and the FOTOPAC interpretation package for interpretation of FOTOBOR survey results. G.H. Teh B. SCHOON P.G. Fookes: An introduction to weathered rocks and residual soils for engineers Professor Fookes's lecture was attended by about 50 engineers at J.K.R. headquarters, Kuala Lumpur on 26 April Only half a dozen members from G.S.M. attendee the talk this is rather regretable since much trouble was taken to have the talk open to G.S.M. members. Prof. Fookes's lecture lasted about 3 hours, with about 30-minute coffee break. He began with weathering and weathered rocks (1st part of lecture), then followed with residual soils and their engineering properties.

29 77 The first part is more geological while the second part more engineering/ soil mechanics. Prof. Fookes drew heavily on his many world-wide experiences and case histories to illustrate the va ious aspects of his talk. The talk ended with some lively discussions, contributions and questions from the audience. A copy of Prof. Fookes's lecture notes (Lecture no. 2 in the J.K.R. Axle Load Study Series) is reprinted in this issue of Warta Geologi with his kind permission (see 'Other Communiaations'). On behalf of the Geological Society of Malaysia and its members, I would like to record our thanks to Prof. Fookes, Jabatan Kerja Raya, Rendell Palmer & Tritton, and Minconsult for kindly allowing us to attend the talk. Tan Boon Kong REPORT ON THE ANNUAL CONFERENCE '86 HELD AT RUMAH UNIVERSITI 1 UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA APRIL '86 The Annual Conference was officially opened by Prof. Dato' Dr. Asmah Haji Omar, Acting Vice Chancellor of University of Malaya. There were some anxious moments when Prof. Asmah arrived punctually at 8.30 a.m. for the opening ceremony, since at that time only about a dozen participants were present in the conference hall. Fortunately, Prof. Asmah was most understanding and gracious and even provided some light moments in her speech to calm the hearts of the organisers, and the opening ceremony went on smoothly. A copy of Prof. Asmah's opening address is reproduced here. The Society would like to record its sincere thanks to Prof. Asmah for taking time off to officiate at the opening ceremony. Attendance picked up gradually after the opening ceremony and by the time the first keynote paper was being delivered, about 40 participants had arrived. Henceforth the technical sessions proceeded in full swing. A total of 60 people registered for the Conference, but at each particular time only about participants were present in the hall. A total of 29 papers were presented, including the two keynote addresses by Prof. c.s. Hutchison and Prof. H.D. Tjia. Three papers that were originally scheduled for presentation were withdrawn at the last moment. Due to the rather tight schedule that had to be maintained, Session Chairmen regrettably had to interrupt and cut-short deliberations of papers on several occasions. Otherwise, the technical sessions proceeded well with active discussions, comments and questions from the floor. Details of the technical programme and abstracts of papers presented at the Conference are listed also in this Newsletter. The three newly elected Honorary Members of the Society, namely Prof. Prof. c.s. Hutchison, Mr. D.S. Singh and Prof. H.D. Tjia were presented with their Scrolls during lunch on 28 April. The Scroll presentation was preceeded by citation by three senior members of the Society, namely Mr. S.P. Sivam, Mr. E.H. Yin and Dr Almashoor.

30 78 The Annual Dinner was also held at Rumah Universiti on 28th April. It was attended by about 30 people including wives of members. Food was plentiful, and many left with 'doggy-bags'/'bungkus'/'ta-pao'. On behalf of the Council, I would like to thank various people for making the Annual Conference a success. First and foremost I would like to single out Dr. K.R. Chakraborty for not only coming up with the idea of an Annual Conference incorporating the disciplines of general geology, economic geology and engineering geology (thus replacing the traditional three oneday seminars on each of the above topics) but also supporting the Conference in deeds by contributing 2 papers, hence topping the list of contributors. To all the other speakers, our sincere thanks for taking time to prepare and present papers at the Conference. Thanks also to all members of the organising committee for ideas and efforts in various aspects of the organisation work, and to Anna and the student helpers for all the help rendered in ensuring the smooth running of the Conference. Finally, it might be appropriate and timely to add here that for those of you who could not contribute or participate at this first annual conference for one reason or another, it is perhaps not too early to think about and prepare for the next annual conference, presumably to be held in April '87 to coincide with the Society's Annual General Meeting. For those of you who contributed and participated in this Conference, we look forward to your continuous support. Now that the 'baby' has been born (ever wondered why cigar-shaped souvenirs were presented to Speakers?), it is up to all members to nurture it and ensure its healthy growth in the future. See you all next year! Tan Boon Kong ANNUAL CONFERENCE '86 PROGRAMME MONDAY, 28TH APRIL, a.m a.m a.m a.m a.m a.m a.m a.m a.m a.m a.m a.m. LATE REGISTRATION Welcoming address by the President Opening Ceremony Address by Prof. Dato' Asmah, Deputy Vice Chancellor, University of Malaya. KEYNOTE PAPER I by Honorary Member Prof. C.S. Hutchison: The Indosinian Orogeny and the problem of the Triassic basins. (Chairman: Prof. H.D. Tjia) MORNING TEA SESSION I (General Geology) Chairman: Tan Boon Kong H.D. Tjia: Disparate late Quaternary shorelines in Peninsular Malaysia: Shift of the geoid or crustal movement?

31 a.m a.m a.m a.m a.m a.m a.m a.m a.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m. S. Chandrakumar: Granitoids, enclaves and magma mixing. Hamzah Mohamed & Mohd Noor Rani: Geochemical comparison of the Cretaceous-Tertiary and Triassic granites of the Malay Peninsula. K.R. Chakraborty: Interfacial energy and spatial distribution of crystals in rocks. SESSION II (Geophysics) Chairman: Ibrahim Komoo Abdul Rahim Samsuddin: The role of geophysical techniques in Qua ternary gee logy C.A. Foss: Gravity mapping of the coastal plain of Selangor. Abdul Ghani Rafek: Depth of penetration of geophysical exploration methods as applied in shallow engineering geological investigations. John K. Raj & Preamakanthan: A case study of the seismic reflection method applied to subsurface geological mapping in the Kuala Lumpur area. LUNCH Members. Presentation of scrolls to new Honorary SESSION III (Engineering Geology) Chairman: Ahmad Tajuddin Ibrahim Komoo: Engineering properties of some igneous rocks in Peninsular Malaysia. John K. Raj: The stability of slope cuts along the Kuala Lumpur-Yrak Highway. Tan Boon Kong: Rock slope stabilization for hillside residential development A case study in Kuala Lumpur. Saim Suratman: Foundation grouting of the Batu Dam, Kuala Lumpur. AFTERNOON TEA AGM, Rumah Universiti. DINNER, Rumah Universiti, University of Malaya. TUESDAY, 29TH APRIL, a.m a.m a.m a.m. KEYNaI'E PAPER I I by Honorary Member Prof. H D. Tjia: Structural geology of the Macincang Formation, Langkawi Islands. (Chairman: MORNING TEA Prof. C.S. Hutchison) SESSION IV (Sarawak Geology).!J1. q 01>. p-.;:1. q: O. 1;. Chairman:.I ;A'2hlra:r c.idjw::hus'sin i<*****.m.q q O.

32 a.m a.m a.m a.m a.m a.m a.m a.m a.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m p.m. Ho Chee Kwong: Stratigraphical analysis of - the Sg. Arip area, Sarawak, and its regional implication. Lim Heng Gaul: Palaeoenvironment of Stibis-Ulu Niah area, Sarawak. Ann Yasmin Bt. Nordin: Some sedimentological aspects of the Teres-Bakau area, Sarawak. Seitle Singh: Tertiary molasse deposition in the south-eastern ulu Sebuyau area, West Sarawak. SESSION V Chairman: (Hydrogeology) Abdul Ghani Rafek Ismail Mohd Noor: Groundwater facies in Peninsular Malaysia. Daud Mohamad: A study of groundwater hydrology in the lower Sg. Kelantan basin with environmental isotopes. Ismail Mohd Noor: Recharge of deep aquifer in Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia. Chow Weng Sum: Investigation of the presence of excessive arsenic and fluoride in well-water of Kg. Sekolah, Ulu Kepong. LUNCH SESSION IV Chairman:. (Economic Geology) Albert Loh TehGuan Hoe & R.W. Hutchinson: Trace element distribution_patterns in cassiterites from different geological environments. Sriyanee De Silva: Some petrological aspects of some late Cenozoic Sarawak coal. Tan Teong Hing: Estuarine sediments in exploration geochemistry. P.FTERNOON TEA_ SESSION VII (Miscellaneous) Chairman: Chow Weng Sum Tan Boon Kong: On the dispersion stability of the Singapore slime, and its relation to the Malaysian tin mining slime. K.R. Chakraborty: Crystallization history of basic intrusive rocks of Singapore and Linden Estate (Johore). C.A. Foss & K.R. Chakraborty: Magnetic susceptibility studies of basic igneous rocks of Malaysia. Frank Yong Siew Kee: Conservation of geological features in Peninsular Malaysia. Closing Remarks by the President.

33 81 UCAPAN PERASMIAN OLEH PROFESOR DATO' HAJAH ASMAH HAJI OMAR) PEMANGKIJ NAIB CANSELOR. Yang Berbahagia Dr. John Kuna Raj, Presiden Persatuan Geologi Malaysia, Tuan-Tuan dan Puan-Puan sekalian, Saya berasa besar hati kerana telah dijemput menghadiri majlis ini dan seterusnya merasmikan upacara pembukaan Persatuan Geologi Malaysia hari ini. Saya telah difahamkan bahawa persidangan tahunan ini bertujuan memberi kesempatan kepada ahli-ahli persatuan membincangkan kajian dan perkembangan baru dalam pelbagai bidang geologi, demi kebaikan ikhtisas geologi di Malaysia. Senarai kertas kerja yang akan dibincangkan dalam masa dua hari ini merupakan pencerminan bagi kegiatan-kegiatan penyelidikan yang Degitu gigih yang dilakukan oleh ahli-ahli sendiri. Ini adalah satu gejala yang sihat bukan sahaja bagi dunia ilmu, tetapi juga bagi pembangunan negara. Sumbangan ahli-ahli geologi kepada pembangunan negara adalah satu hal yang tidak dapat dinafikan, khususnya dalam industri perlombongan, industri petroleum dalam pencarigalian petroleum dan gas, industri kejuruteraan dan pembinaan, khususnya dalam penyelidikan sumber airtanah, serta berbagai-bagai aspek yang berhubung dengan pengurusan dan pengawalan keseimbangan alam sekitar. Sekarang ini memandang bahawa negara mengalami kemelesetan ekonomi, yang antara lain disebabkan oleh turunnya harga bijih timah, maka adalah menjadi tugas ahli-ahli geologi meneroka sumber mineral yang lain daripada bijih timah; lebih-lebih lagi apabila disedari bahawa sumber petroleum yang ada sekarang satu hari kelak akan menjadi kering atau tandus. Dalam Al-Quran ada disebut bahawa Allah memberi kekayaan di langit dan bumi dan terserahlah kepada manusia bagaimana memanfaatkan kekayaan tersebut. Dengan berpegang kepada firman Tuhan itu, kita tahu bahawa ada banyak sekali kekayaan yang ada di bumi. Jika ada satu kawasan yang ketandusan sumber, pasti ada kawasan yang lain yang mengandungi kekayaan itu. Oleh itu dunia masih luas dan bumi masih dalam untuk digali oleh ahli geologie Saya difahamkan bahawa ahli-ahli geologi bukan sahaja menggali, tetapi juga melibatkan diri dalam pemulihan kawasan-kawasan bekas lombong untuk projek-projek perumahan, serta juga dalam tapak projek ampangan, bangunan tinggi dan lebuh raya. Ini semua merupakan us aha yang sungguh mendatangkan manfaat bagi negara. Saya harap tuan-tuan dan puan-puan semua tidak akan jemu dalam menjalankan penyelidikan dan seterusnya memberi derma bakti kepada negara. Saya juga mengharapkan forum ini dapat mencapai apa juga yang menjadi matlamatnya. Dengan sukacitanya saya merasmikan persidangan tahunan Persatuan Geologi Malaysia.

34 Schlumberger: services throughout Malaysia. Schlumberger, the eyes of the oil industry, has provided services since the discovery of oil in Miri, Sarawak, several decades ago. Its commitment to high t.=:;:::.l technology continues to provide the most cost effective results. Schlumberger engineer at work with the Cyber Service Unit system inside a wireline logging Unit Cyberloak, an interpreted log prepared at the wei/site by the CSU computer rd Floor, Wisma Bunga Raya, 152 Jalan Ampang, Kuala Lumpur. Tel : / / Telex: SCHLUM MA Cable: SCHLUMEAD.

35 Wellog (Malaysia), located in Kuala Lumpur, staffed with specialists, develops the answers with your experts. Wellog (Malaysia): making full use of data. It provides a full range of data processing services: - Open Hole Log Evaluation - Cased Hole Reservoir Analysis - Facies Analysis - Key Well Study - Production Flow Analysis - Oipmeter Processing - Reservoir Description Services - Well Seismic Processing - Permeability Evaluation UU '''' ''' 1111' ' Our specialists evaluating a set of logging data. u nn Wellog (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. 3rd Floor, Wisma Bunga Raya, 152 Jalan Ampang, Kuala Lumpur. Tel: / / Telex: SCHLUM MA Cable SCHLUMEAD.

36 98, 3JN3H3dNOJ '1VflNNV vb

37 85

38 86 Captions to figures Annual Conference '86 Fig. I. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4 & Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. li. Fig. 12. FiCJ 13. Fig. 14. Fig. 15. Fig. 16. Fig. 17, Fig. 2I. Fig. 22 Fig. 23. Fig. 24. Fig. 25. Fig. 26. Fig. 27. Fig. 28. Fig. 29. Fig. 30. Fig. 31. Fig. 32. Fig. 33. Fig. 34. Fig. 35. Fig. 3'6. Fig , Annual Dinner '86 The President, J.K. Raj with his welcoming address. Prof. Dato' Asmah with her opening address. Prof. Da to' Asmah declaring open the Annual Conference ' 86 C.S. Hutchison with his keynote paper. Saim Suratman on the Batu Dam. Chandra Kumar talking on granitoids and enclaves. Hamzah Mohamed with his joint paper. Abdul Ghani Rafek on geophysical exploration methods. A section of the participants listening intently. B.D. Tjia with his keynote paper. Tan Boon Kong on rock slope stabilization. Ibrahim ROmoo talking on engineering properties of igneous rocks. Ho Chee Kwong on the Sg. Arip area. Seitle Singh talking on the SE Ulu Sebuyau area. Lim Heng Gaul stressing on the palaeoenvironment of Subis-Ulu Niah area. 19 & 20. Lunch break. S.P. Sivam with his citation for C.S. Hutchison. C.S. Hutchison receiving his Honorary Member scroll from the President. E.H. Yin reading the citation for D. Santokh Singh. Honorary Member, D. Santokh Singh being congratulated by the President. Syed Sheikh Almashoor with the citation for B.D. Tjia. H.D. Tjia being handed the Honorary Member scroll by the President. Chow werig Sum on excessive arsenic and fluoride. Daud Mohamad on environmental isotopes. Here's the familiar participant again with one of his 2 papers. Ann Yasmin on the Teres-Bakau area. Sriyanee De Silva on late Cenozoic SaraWak coal. G.H. Teh with his paper on trace elements in cassiterites. K.R. Chakraborty with one of his 2 papers. Frank Yong strongly advocating conservation of geological features. Ismail Mohd. Noor on groundwater facies. Tan Teong Hing on exploration geochemistry. C.A. Foss elaborating on magnetic susceptibility studies. Fig. 38, 39, 40, 41 & 42. Members, their wives and friends in a most relaxed mood over dinner. Annual General Meeting '86 Fig. 43. The President, J.K. Raj chairing the AGM 1986 flanked by the Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer.

39 ANNUAL CONFERENCE '86 ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS The Indosinian orogeny and the problem of the Triassic basins Charles S. Hutchison Dept. of Geology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur All the major suture zones of South and East Asia, Qinling, Red River-Song Ma, Nan-Uttaradit, and Bentong-Raub, characteristically are associated with Triassic basins. Al though debate continues, both the Qinling and the Red River-Song Ma are now interpreted as Devonian-Early Carboniferous (Late Caledonian) sutures that amalgamated the Chinese blocks with Indosinia to form an East Asian cathaysian Continent. These sutures represent zones of crustal weakness. In the Qinling, the Triassic is represented by thick platform limestones overlain by molasse. The Late Triassic-Early Jurassic (Indosinian) folding thus affected a thin-skinned but clearly continental crust. The Triassic basins of North Vietnam are likewise of molasse underlain by platform limestones and some have important rhyolitic activity. The molasse character is indicated by important coal deposits The Semantan-Gemas basin has important differences from the East Asian Continent basins. Permian-Early Triassic volcanic island arc rocks are overlain by a thick Late Triassic (Carnian-Noriam) flysch. Truly molasse sediments became important in the Jurassic, and slightly earlier in Singapore. The close association of the Semantan-Gemas flysch with ignimbritic rhyolite is highly characteristic. In northern Thailand, the Nan-Uttaradit suture is less compressed than at Bentong-Raub, but there appear to be two flysch basins on either side of the suture the Lampang and Nam Pat basins. The former continues as the Phong Saly depression west of the Luang Prabang and Dien Bien Phu line, which appears to be the northwards continuation of the Nan-Uttaradit suture. Doubt has been cast on the interpretation of the Lampang Group as a flysch and allodapic limestones farther east have been taken to indicate that the orogeny was pre-triassic. A re-study of the Lampang Group is necessary before useful comment can be made on this development. In Peninsular Malaysia, the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic compressive orogeny has been so severe that the Ma old Main Range granites, which were generated from an underlying unexposed continental 1,500 to 1,700 Ma old Proterozoic basement, have risen up into an overlying deep water sedimentary sequence (Hawthornden and Schist Series). In the Genting area the overlying country rocks of the Main Range batholith include important melanged turbidite units which have been strongly deformed and displaced by a series of eastwards dipping thrust. The Semantan-Gemas Triassic basin is therefore interpreted as the final deepening of the residual Palaeotethys Ocean before its extinction by collision of the Gondwana continental block of Sinoburmalaya to the west with the East Asian Continent on the east. The spectacular collision was the Indosinian Orogeny, which caused eastwards subduction of the Sinoburmalaya Proterozoic basement and overlying platform strata beneath the island arc which fringed the western miogeoclinal margin of the East Asian COntinent. The underthrusting of the continental lithosphere caused crustal thickening in the Main Range area (gravity low) resulting in the spectacular S-type granite batholith, and also caused compression and folding of the Semantan-Gemas strata. A rifting model for the Seman tan Gemas basin is contradictory to the geological information. The Indosinian orogenic collision would be expected to give a jolt across the whole East Asian COntinent and to reactivate the older sutures such as the Qinling and Red River-Song Ma to form shear basins of intermontane character filled with molasse strata. By analogy, the Early Tertiary collision of India with Eurasia and its continuing underthrusting beneath Tibet has again caused reactivation of the Qinling and Red River-Song Ma suture zones. Both are presently active earthquake strike slip zones characterized by Tertiary grabens. The Indian collision must have had important reactivation along the older weakness zones in Peninsular Malaysia, but these effects have not yet been fully recognized and documented... Disparate Late Quaternary shorelines in Peninsular Malaysia: Shift of the geoid or crustal movement? H.D. Tjia Jabatan Geologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi About two scores of radiometrically dated shoreline indicators of Late Pleistocene age from the Strait of Malacca and its eastern coastal plain define a sea level curve similar to those constructed for othr regions. In Sundaland, which is tectonically stable, about four scores o! sea level indicators suggest sea level in the past 6,000 years had reache a maximum of some 5 m above the present level and since then sea level had descended through a series of 2-m high fluctuations to its present position. Several dated shoreline indicators of the Early Holocene and Late Pleistocene are at elevations several metres higher than those predicted by the constructed sea level curves. In addition, recently a few normal faults with decimetre-range throws have been recorded from Peninsular Malaysia. Together, these evidences suggest that shortly prior to the mid Holocene either vertical crustal uplift or a shift (probably eastward) of the geoid of the order of a few metres had occurred in the Peninsula. ****.*

40 Granitoids, enclaves and magma mixing S. Chandra Kwuar Maktab Sains MARA, Kuantan Detailed study of the petrology of Pulau tfuin in the Southern Malay Peninsula has unravelled convincing evidence of the operation of magma mixing in the genesis of certain granitoids. Important features exposed on Pulau Ubin include synplutonic dykes, enclave dykes and the immensely important, newly discovered 'globular rock'. All these features, in particular the extremely enclave-rich globular rock, demonstrate that the enclave-granitoid association represents a stage in the mixing of magmas of contrasted composition arrested before completion. In this context enclaves represent quenched globules of basic magma within comingled granitoid magma. Enclave formation is a vital stage in the magma mixing process since it greatly increases the area of interface between the comingling magmas. Lapan puluh sampel granit dari 13 tempat, 50 rusia Trias dan 30 berusia Kapur-Tersier, telah dianalisis sepuluh unsur major dan empat unsur kesannya dengan XRF. Pembandingan geokimia kedua jenis granit ini menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbezaan nyata kandungan SiOz, A1ZO), MgO, NazO, TiOz, PzOs, dan HzO- Sebaliknya FeD, Fe (jumlah), MnO, KzO dan HzO+ secara relatif lebih tinggi kandungannya di dalam granit Trias, sementara kandungan FezO) dan CaO rendah, jika d1bandingkan dengan granit yang sejenis lagi. Rb and Nb tinggi kandungannya di dalam granit Trias, semen tara Sr dan Sa pula tinggi kandungannya di dalam granit Kapur-Tersier. Secara geokimia, granit Trias amat menyerupai granit jenis-s Chappel dan White (1974), dan menyerupai juga granit seri-ilrnenit Ishihara et az. (1979). Dicadangkan di sini hahawa parameter-parameter geokimia yang bererti dalam membezakan kedua-dua kwupulan granit ini ialah kandungan FeO, KzO, Rb, Sr, Ba dan Nb batuan-batuan tersebut. *.*.*. Geochemical comparison of the Cretaceous-Tertiary and Triassic granites of the Malay Peninsula (Pembandingan geokimia granit Trias dan Kapur-Tersier di Semenanjung Malaysia) Hamzah Mohamad & Mohamad Noor Rani Jabatan Geologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi Eighty samples of granites from 13 localities, 50 of Triassic age and 30 of Cretaceous-Tertiary, have been analysed by XRF for ten major and four trace elements. A geochemical comparison of the two types of granites shows that there are no obvious differences in SiOz, AlzO), MgO, Nazo, TiOz, Pzo and HzO- content. On the other hand, FeO, Fe(total), MnO, KzO and HzO are relatively higher in the Triassic granites, while FezO) and CaO are lower, compared to the other type. Rb and Nb are higher in proportion in the TriaSSic granites, while Sr and Ba are higher in the Cretaceous Tertiary. Geochemically, the Triassic granites closely resemble the S-type granites of Chappel and White (1974), and ilmenite-series granites of Ishihara et az. (1979). It is suggested here that the significant geochemical parameters to distinguish between the two groups of granites are the FeO, KzO, Rb, Sr, Sa and Nb contents of the rocks. Interfacial energy and. spatial distribution of crystals in rocks K.R. Chakraborty Dept. of (''0 logy, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. Grain transition probability studies show that spatial distributions of crjstals are not random in most rocks. Nonrandomness lead to preferred crystal association giving rise to higher frequency of like- or unlikecrystal contacts than the expected values. Interfacial energy may be a controlling factor for such preferred crystal association. Energies associated with the different types of crystal contacts are different, consequently the crystals ould be distributed in a pattern that minimizes the high energy contacts in order to minimize the total free energy of the rock. A segregation pattern would tend to develop if the average energy of the like crystal contacts are less than that of the unlike crystal contacts, while an ordered pattern would form for the opposite condition. A preferred association, however, reduces the entropy of the system, thereby raising the free energy. A stable distribution pattern thus probably reflects the net effects of interfacial energy and the configurational entropy. ***** CD CD..

41 The role of geophysical techniques in Quaternary geoloqy Abdul Rahim Haji Samsudin Jabatan Geologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi In the investigation of Quaternary deposits, geophysical techniques offer considerable advantage over conventional drilling techniques although for most people the methods still retain a 'black box' image. The following paper aims to provide an understandinq of the techniques as well as their potential use in the investigation of the Quaternary deposits. Problems associated with the techniques are also discussed. This note discusses the depth of penetration of seismic refraction surveys and d.c. geoelectrical soundings. Field examples from studies carried out in the vicinity of the Ruhr-Universitaet, Ichum, Federal Republic of Germany are presented to illustrat the variation of a defined depth of penetration for both these methods. For seismic refraction surveys it was found that the ratio of the depth of penetration to the length of the profile, a certain depth factor varies between 1/2 to 1/10. This illustrates the difficulty of estimating the depth of penetration before conducting seismic refraction surveys and shows the dependence of the depth of penetration, in addition to the length of the seismic profile, on the p-wave velocity of each subsurface layer and the layer's thickness. Similarly for d.c. geoelectrical soundings, the depth factor, a ratio of depth penetration to the spacing of current electrodes, varies between 1/3 to 1/8. The main factors influencing the depth of penetration are the number of subsurface layers, their specific resistivity and their individual thicknesses, in addition to the spacing of the current electrodes. Gravity mapping of the coastal plain of Selangor C.A. Foss Dept. of Geoloqy, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur Gravity mapping 'sees through' the extensive alluvial cover of the coastal plains and allows delineation of those bedrock features which involve rocks of different densities. From Klang to Kuala Selangor the gravity field is dominated by a regional variation which is a continuation of that associated with the main-range granite to the east. Superimposed on this is a local negative anomaly to the southwest of Batang Berjuntai. South of Klang this regional variation is not seen, but there are large (> 10 milligal) anomalies. To the east of Morib is a northeast trending negative anomaly, interpreted as a sedimentary trough which is fault bounded on its western margin. To the north and west of Banting is a broad complex positive anomaly interpreted as due to an igneous complex. Depth of penetration of geophysical exploration methods as applied in shallow engineering geological investigations Abdul Ghani Rafek Jabatan Geologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi A case study.of the seismic reflection method applied to subsurface geological mapping in the Kuala Lumpur area J.K. Raj and Preamakanthan Dept. of Geoloqy, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur The larger part of the city of Kuala Lumpur is developed over unconsolidated, alluvial sediments of a variable thickness that mainly overlie a marble bedrock. The bedrock has been subjected to extensive solution and possesses a very irregular upper surface that often shows relief differences of up to 30 m over short lateral distances. Determination of the depth to bedrock is thus an important prerequisite for foundation design and presently involves the drilling of variably spaced boreholes. Preliminary results of the seismic reflection method, applied to a small area in the city, show that the method can be successfully used to delineate sites of shallow, and deep, subsurface outcrops of the marble bedrock. It should'be noted however, that sevral factors including signal source, background noise, side reflections, diffractions and multiples, influence this application of the seismic reflection method and much care has to be exercised in the interprtation of the seismograms. ****.* fb

42 Engineering properties of some igneous rocks in Peninsular Malaysia Ibrahim Komoo Jabatan Geologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi The engineering properties of more than lao samples of igneous rocks from 10 different areas in Peninsular Malaysia have been investigated. Rock types include several granitic rocks, rhyolite, andesite, dolerite, basalt and gabbro. The engineering properties investigated were porosity, dry density, Shore's hardness value, point load strength index, uniaxial compressive and tensile strengths, and the stress-strain behaviour. This paper will discuss results of the investigation, and illustrate the correlation of some important properties which can be used during exploration work. Some of the rock mass properties will also be discussed. The Kuala Lumpur-Karak Highway, constructed between the years 1975 and 1978, connects the East and West Coasts of Peninsular Malaysia and forms the most important land transport route across the Main Range. The Highway cuts across a generally hilly to mountainous terrain, developed over a variety of bedrock types, and has thus necessitated the excavation of several deep slope cuts. These slope cuts have been excavated in a variety of earth materials and often expose deep weathering profiles developed over different bedrock types. The stability of these slope cuts is however, open to question for several of them have been affected by failures of different types and sizes. These failures are described in this paper and their causes recognized and discussed. -Onclusions are finally reached on the near-future stability of the slope cuts along the Kuala Lumpur-Karak Highway.*._--.. Rock slope stabilization for hillside residential development A case study in Kuala Lumpur Tan Boon Kong Jabatan Geologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 0 o Lebih 100 buah sampel batuan igneus yang mewakili 10 kawasan di Semenanjung Malaysia telah dikaji sifat kejuruteraannya. Jenis batuan terrnasuk beberapa jenis granit, riolit, andesit, dolerit, basalt dan gabro. Di an tara sifat kejuruteraan yang diselidiki termasuk sifat keliangan, ketumpatan kering, nilai kekerasan Shore, indeks kekuatan beban titik, kekuatan mampatan sepaksi dan tensi, dan kelakuan tegasan-keterikan. Kertas kerja ini akan membincangkan sifat di atas, dan menghuraikan beberapa perkaitan sifat kejuruteraan yang sesuai terutama untuk tujuan penerokaan. Sebahagian daripada sifat jasad batuan juga akan dibincang.'.. The stability of slope cuts along the Kuala Lumpur Karak Highway A certain residential development scheme sited on hilly, granitic terrain in Kuala Lumpur involved the cutting back of hill slopes for the construction of access roads, houses and condominiums. Excavations in some cases include blasting of the rock slopes, resulting in conditions where the stability has become of major concern. This paper presents the results of an engineering geologic investigation on the stability of the relevant rock slopes, focussing on the causes of instability and some possible remedial measures that can be undertaken. The causes of instability include poor blasting practices resulting in excessive overbreaks and overhangs, unfavourable joint orientations, faulting and severe weathering of some portions of the rock Possible remedial measures include rock bolting, scaling and cleaning, controlled blasting to reduce height of rock face as well as to remove major overhangs, and rock buttress. J.K. Raj Dept. of Geology, University of Malaya, uala Lumpur.*.***

43 Foundation grouting of Batu Dam, Kuala Lumpur Saim Suratmen Pejabat Jurutera Projek, Rancangan Tebatan Banjir Kuala Lumpur. Stratigraphic analysis of the Sungai Arip area and its regional implications Ho Chee Kwong Dept. of Geology, University of Malaya. Kuala Lumpur. Batu Dam, located approximately 20 km north of Kuala Lumpur is a multizoned earthfill dam. The dam is founded on schist with the foliation dipping downstream. The grouting works consist of blanket and curtain grouting ranging in depth from 6.5 m to 40 m. One row curtain grouting was designed for the right abutment and a three row curtain grouting for the river valley. left abutment and spillway area. The conditions encountered necessitated minor changing of the hole layout. Structural geology of the Macincang Foxmation, Langkavi Islands H.D. Tjia Jabatan Geologi. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Bangi A recent field study determined that in general, beds of the Macincang Formation have not been overturned despite the fact that at least two phases of deformation affected the rocks. This is interpreted as indicating that the Langkawi islands represent a transitional boundary between the mobile region in the east (including a narrow belt along the east side of the island group) and the, since Early Palaeozoic stable area in the west. The Macincang beds were compressed to form listric faults and large open folds striking north and northeast. Indicators of palaeocurrents and palaeoslope suggest that the original western and eastern edges of the Macincang sedimentary basin are located close to Tanjung Cincin and Kuala Kubang Badak. respectively. A group of rocks with different lithologic and structural character compared to the ordinary Macincang clastics is interpreted to represent pre-macincang rocks. At Teluk Datai and near Tanjung Buta. these rocks are separated from overlying Macincang beds by a lowangle lag fault and a paraconformity. The reverse motion on the lag fault indicates tectonic transport towards southwest. The Sg. Arip area is located south of the Tatau Horst and north of the main area of Belaga Formation in central sarawak The area has a tectonic trend that deviates from the regional strike of the Northwest Borneo Geosyncline. The regional strike is gently arcuate. convex to the south, whereas. the Sungai Arip area has an arcuate trend which is shown by the easterly pitching Arip-Pelugau Anticline. Four lithostratigraphic units are present in the area. namely. the Bawang Member of the Belaga Formation. Tatau FOrmation. Buan FOr1ll&tion and Nyalau Formation. Detail fieldwork shows that the Bawang Member was inadequately defined and there is a need to redefine the Member. The oldest rock unit in the area is the Bawang Member. This is a turbidite unit that was deposited in the Eocene. It suffered folding and faulting in the Late Eocene. The Late Eocene Tatau Formation is unconformable on the Bawang Member. The lowermost part of the Tatau Formation is composed of argillite with globigerinid marl which was probably deposited in open marine environment. It was later uplifted and volcanic rocks was extruded subaerially. Lying on top of the volcanics are conglomerate and sandstone which are probably near shore deposits. The uppermost part of the Tatau Formation is represented by a shallow marine calcareous unit. The transition from the volcanics to the calcareous unit shows that the basin was rapidly subsiding. A major folding phase took place in the Early Oligocene which gave.rise to the Arip-Pelugau Anticline. The Kelawit Fault which is a left lateral wrench fault was probably activated at this time. The Buan Formation was deposited in the Oligocene after the folding phase in the deeper part of the basin. In Late Oligocene. a regression took place and caused the lower part of the Nyalau Formation to be deposited in a shallow sea to near shore environment. The Kelawit Fault was rejuvenated during the Miocene where the northern fault block was uplifted. No sediments of Late Miocene age are found in the study area except the Tunggal Tutong Conglomerates which are believed to be of Late Pliocene to Pleistocene age. Presumably the area was uplifted during the Late Miocene causing sedimentation to cease. Igneous intrusion at Piring Hill is believed to post-date the first movement of the Kelawit Fault in Oligocene. In Quaternary, alluvial sediments were deposited here and there in the lowland. 10 I-' **

44 Palaeoenvironment of the Suhis-Ulu Niah area, Sarawak Lim Heng Gaul Dept. of Geology, university of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur Some sedimentological studies in the Teres-P.akau Area, Sarawak.!Inn Yasmin Dept. of Geology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. The Subis-Ulu Niah area is mainly underlain by the Setap and the Nyalau Formation which are dated to be from Late-Oligocene to Early-Miocene. The Subis member of the Tangap Formation is found to the north of the mapped area. The sedimentary rocks of the Subis-Ulu Niah area were deposited in a shallow marine environment. The Nyalau Formation predominantly consists of silty fine sandstone whereby laminations and intense bioturbation are the two most prominent sedimentary features. Other lithologies include massive fine sandstone, nodular mudstones and silty mudstone. Lenticular beds are common too. These lithofacies indicate a near shore low energy environment with tidal influence. Palaeontological evidence with respect to foraminifera and trace fossils support this interpretation. The Setap Formation consists predominantly of mudstone (shale), subordinate siltstone and sideritic concretions. These concretions form extensive continuous bands imparting pseudobedding characteristics. Evidence from trace fossils, foraminifera and its relations to the laterally equivalent Nyalau Formation and the Subis member support that the Setap Formation in the mapped area was formed within a lagoonal setting whereby the water depth is about GO-100 m. The silty bands in the mudstone (shale) indicate that the depositional environment was calm, affected only by occasional storm. The bioturbation features preserved in the concretions indicates a non-euxinic condition. The Subis limestone consists predominantly of large benthonic foraminifera, coralline red algae and hermatypic corals. The lithologies range from wackestone to grainstone. The Subis limestone is interpreted to have been formed as a shallow water biohermal mass, in a warm tropical sea. If* 3 lithostratigraphic units are present in the area. The Balingian Formation is overlain by the Begrih Formation with an angular unconformity. These two formations are in turn, unconformably overlain hy the Quaternary deposits. The Balingian Formation is of Upper Miocene (?) age and are characterised by the occurrence of rootlet dominated mudstone facies, lenticular bedding facies, nodular mudstone facies and trough and planar cross bedded sandstone facies. These are interpreted to be associated with alluvial meandering channels,. levee deposits, overbanks deposits, tidal flat and marine channels. The Begrih Formation is characterized by extraformational orthoconglomerate, pebbly sandstone facies, laminated shale facies, massive siltstone facies and trough cross-bedded sandstone facies. These facies are interpreted to be associated with alluvial braided channels, estuarines and pebbly to sandy beachface deposits. The microfossils of cyctogyra muttipte: found, indicated a Pliocene age to the Begrih Foroation. Other microfauna found were TPUocuUna sp., Al'1phisoZ'Us sp., GZobigerine sp., GtobobuZimina sp., Sorites sp. etc. The evidence for tectonic activity at the end of the Miocene time is the presence of an angular unconformity and the sudden change in clastic sedimentary facies. Detailed study on the heavy minerals indicate an assortment of zircons, hornblende and tourmaline as the major heavies present and a variety of others in lesser amounts. The variation in the distribution of the heavy minerals in the area is summarised below: 1. The Balingian Formation is characterized by minor amounts of zircons, pyrites and opaque minerals. Zircons are mainly anhedral and cloudy. 2. The Begrih Formation is characterized by much euhedral zircons with substantial amounts of subhedral to anhedral zircons (notably wellrounded ones), varied colours of the zircons (colourless, pink and yellow), hornblende, tourmaline, ilmenite, magnetite, pyrite and the opaques. 3. The Quaternary sediments are characterized by mainly euhedral zircons and minor amounts of subhedral and anhedral zircons. The zircons are usually clouded and are mainly pink and colourless. The most abundant heavy minerals are ilmenite, siderite, biotite and magnetite. Leucoxene, pyrite, goethite and copper occur in minor amounts. 4. There is very little variety and amount of heavy minerals in Late Miocene times. (Balin9ian Formation) s. There is an increase in variety and abundance of heavy minerals in Early Pliocene times but later showed slight decrease. (Begrih Formation) 0 N

45 6. 7. There is a sharp contrast in the heavy mineral assemblages of the Quaternary sediments. There is an increase in the variety of mineral species from the Upper Miocene period to the Quaternary period. The Silantek Formation ranges fro Eocene to probably mid-oligocene in age. The lithology is mainly conglomerates, arenaceous and argillaceous strata. It can be divided into the Lower and Middle beds based on lithology and stratigraphical relationships. A brackish to fluvial environment of deposition is indicated by this formation. Implication The presence of the various heavy minerals in the area (and also the lack of it) reflect the various provenance of sediments and their structural relief at that time. The lack of heavy minerals in the Balinqian Formation suggests a subdued relief of the hinterland and this probably accounted for the peneplanation of the area. The sudden appearance of heavy mineral varieties and abundance in the Begrih Formation indicate uplift and new source rocks in the hinterland. The heavy mineral assemblage suggests a provenance from the Lower Rajang areas, mainly the Pirong Hill areas and the adjacent formation, namely the Buan, Tatau, Belaga and the Nyalau Formation which had been gently to intensely folded due to the progressive tectonism in the area. The global trangressive phase which occurred then had brought the shoreline rather close to the source areas and this. accounted for the many euhedral zircons found. The heavy mineral assemblage of the Quaternary sediments suggests that mainly erosional processes were operating in the area and had eroded much of the older Balingian and the Begrih sediments. This resulted in an increase in the heavy mineral varieties found within the Quaternary sediments. The Plateau Sandstone is thought to be of mid-nligocene to Miocene? in age. It consists of thickly bedded to massive sandstone beds with gentle dips. Subordinate shale, mudstone and coal also outcrop here interbedded with the sandstone beds. This formation forms escarpment features which appear to be sandstone ridges. The source of the detritus is believed to be from the north-west region. Fossils are scarce except for plant fragments. Deposition was mainly in a fluviatile environment. Structurally the area is not complex. Faulting is rare and mild folding has produced gentle anticlines. Uplift of the adjacent areas has most probably controlled the molasse sedientation here. Groundwater facies in Peninsular Malaysia Ismail I'.ohd Noor Jabatan Geologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi. W Tertiary molasse deposition in the South-Eastern ulu Sebuyau area, West Sarawak Seitle Singh Dept. of Geology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. The South-eastern Ulu Sebuyau area is located in the 2nd division of Sarawak and is underlain by Tertiary post-orogenic molasse sediments, namely the Silantek Formation and Plateau Sandstone. The Plateau Sandstone overlies the Silantek Formation conformably in the type locality but with a local angular unconformity in the study area. This unconformity is attributed to a period of uplift, tilting, erosion and non-deposition. The groundwater in Malaysia can be divided into several water-types or facies. The classification of groundwater into facies is based on the analysis of major anions and cations contents of the water. The concentration of the ions are expressed in milliequivalent per litre and under normal conditions the total anions will be approximately equal to the cations. The trend of facies change can be presented in the form of Duror diagram. Generally, it was found that the water changes from calcium bicarbonate type in the interior towards sodium chloride type in the coastal area. However, in some coastal areas where reverse ion-exchange has taken place the chloride facies is of calcium chloride type. Chemically, the groundwater in most areas is within the acceptable limit for drinkinq or agricultural purposes. Biologically, the shallow groundwater may be contaminated with pathogens as evidence from the high E. Coli count in some well waters. ***.*.

46 A study of groundwater hydrology in the Lower Kelantan River Basin with environmental isotopes Daud Mohamad Unit Tenaga Nuklear, Jabatan Perdana Menteri, Kuala Lumpur The lower aquifer which has a vast reservoir of groundwater, generally, has a lower tritium content an indication of older water than the water of the top aquifer. The hydraulic conductivities of the lower aquifer are generally higher than those of the top aquifer. This means that the flow velocity of the lower groundwater is faster or at least equal to that of the upper aquifer. A study of groundwater hydrology with environmental isotope of the Lower Kelantan Basin is presented. The hydrological problems of major interest here are to study the origin and mechanism of recharge, interrelation among the aquifers and relation of river water with the wells located near the Kelantan River. The results show that the stable isotopes content of the groundwater in the area vary within a narrow range while tritium data confirm that water from the lower aquifer zone comprises of old water component and most samples from the upper aquifer zone are young water. Carbon-14 investigation was carried out from a few selected deep wells and their ages were found to be in the range of about 2,000 to 11,000 years. The isotopic data demonstrates that the first aquifer is replenished by local recharge through precipitation while the lower aquifer zone seems to be recharged by other source of groundwater originating from the upper aquifer zone. As a whole, the aquifers apparently are inter-connected and regionally they may be considered to represent a single system. Recharge of deep aquifer in Kelantan, Malaysia Ismail Mohd Noor Jabatan Geologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi. The Kelantan Coastal Alluvial plain has a thickness varying from a few metres in the interior to over 200 m near the coast. It consists of several layers of sand/gravel and clay. Generally the alluvium can be regarded to consist of two aquifers; the top shallow aquifer.and the lower deep aquifer. However, due to hydraulic connection between the two, the whole alluvial sediments can be regarded as one groundwater system. The general flow pattern. of the system is north to northeast. The hydraulic conductivities of the aquifers range between 50 to 250 m/day. Recharge to the top aquifer occurs directly from rainfall, particularly during the northeast monsoon season. The effective recharge to the top aquifer normally takes place a few hours after the beginning of the rain. The fast response of the top aquifer is mainly due to the unconfined condition of the aquifer. Initial tritium study of 'ater in the aquifer shows that the water from the top aquifer has high tritium count and this indicates that it is a fairly young water. The tritium content of the groundwater is similar to the average tritium content of the rain in the area. However, the water from the main Kelantan River also shows similar tritium content. There is a possibility that the river water may be partly responsible for the rechargp nf the top aquifpr. Investigation on the presence of excessive arsenic and fluoride in well-water in Kg. Sekolah, Ulu Kepong Chow Weng Sum Geological Survey Malaysia, Jalan Gurney, Kuala Lumpur Some residents in Kg. Sekolah, Ulu Kepong were found to have mottled teeth and subsequent analyses of well water in the area showed the presence of excessive arsenic and fluoride in some wells. Analyses of river water and drain water, including effluents from some factories and the sewage exidation pond nearby indicated that it was not possible to identify any likely source of contamination by surface runoff. Chemical analyses carried out in the soil showed a remarkable correlationship between the total and adhered arsenic and fluoride contents of the soil and the content of arsenic and fluoride in the groundwater. Semi quantitative mineral examination of heavy concentrates in the soil showed the presence of excessive fluorite and limonite in some places. Leaching from the fluorite as well as that of the fluoride-enriched soil leads to excessive fluoride in the groundwater. High total and adhered arsenic content in the soil could result from the breakdown of pyrites and arsenopyrites in the soil. Leaching from the pyrites and arsenopyrites as well as from the arsenic-enriched soil could lead to the presence of excessive arsenic in the groundwater. The breakdown of pyrites and arsenopyrites results in the formation of secondary minerals like limonite and scorodite in the soil.

47 Trace element distribution patterns in cassiterites from different geologic environments Teh Guan Hoe Dept. of Geology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. R.W. Hutchinson Geology Dept., Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, U.S.A. Cassiterites from different geologic environments besides possessing certain distinct to subtle differences in crystallography, ohysical and optical properties also show interesting differences in minor and trace element contents. Ionprobe analysis scans through 250 elements revealed distinct trace element distribution patterns for cassiterites from different geologic environments, in particular rare earth elements distribution patterns. Additional quantitative microprobe analysis of 28 selected minor and trace elements in the cassiterites also showed distinctive trace element distribution patterns. Some petrographical implications of the coal from the Mukah-Balingian area The coal from the two formations differed mainly in turns of rank. The older Balingian coal is bituminous (steinkohle) and is ranked as high volatile A (ATSM rank) while the younger 'Begrih-l,iang' coals range from sub-bituminous B to high volatile B (ATSM rank). The rank of the coals were determined by measuring the reflectance of vitrinite. Petrographic analysis showed the Balingiar. coals be banded microscopically in which bands of vitrite alternate with clarite v. The morphology of the individual maceral groups were indistinguishable. The presence of vitrinite, resinite and liptodetrinite indicate that the swamp was either inundated or had a high ground water level. Vitrite and clarite v suggest forest-peat litter. Also, the exinite-poor clarite are said to originate from angiosperm forests. The 'Begrih-Liang' coal, although being of two varieties, the brown coal (braunkohle) and bituminous coal (steinkohle), contain similar microlithotype compositions and associations. The morphology of the individual maceral groups could be distinguished such as telinite and telocollinite (vitrinite group), resinite and ontinite (exinite group) and fusinite and selerotinite (inertinite group). Pyrite and clay minerals are also present. The interpretation of the 'Begrih-Liang' coal suggest a similar antochthonous mode of formation. Hence, it is suggested that the depositional milieux had not changed since the Upper IHocene. The Balingian coal and the 'Begrih-Liang' coals were buried to a depth of at least 2,000 m (discounting anomalous geothermal gradients). This suggests that the 'Begrlh-Liang' Formation at one time, was at least 5,000 m thick. The present thickness of 3,000 m suggests considerable uplift/ epeirogenesis since the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary. The younger formation coal only straddles the 'oil window' and therefore could be ruled out as being the source of an oil seep in the area of study. The source of the oil seep would most likely be the Balingian coals. Sriyanee De Silva Dept. of Geology, University of 11alaya, Kuala Lumpur Estuarine sedimpnts in exploration geochemistry The younger basin in the south Mukah-Balingian area contains coal seams which are distinctive in outcrop, and therefore used as stratigraphic markers. They represent autochthonous and allochthonous deposits of accumulated plant debris and peat. The environment of formation lay within or close to a landmass. Interpretation of the palaeo-environment is based on both sedimentalogical and coal analysis. The petrographic analysis of coal, based on its microlithotype composition and association, supported the sedimentological evidence for a poralic-fluvial environment of formation. Most of the coal originated autochthonously from the humification of peat formed in swamps. T.H. Tan Jabatan Sains Bumi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Sabah. Estuarine sediments can be used to target areas of mineralization in the hinterland. Geochemical anomalies invariably occur in estuaries draining from areas with proven mineral deposits. Relatively high geochemical contrasts between mineralized and unmineralized drainage basins are expressed in sediment samples as well as in their heavy fractions. These observations are based on the analyses of sediment samples collected from estuaries present in the Tawau-Semporna peninsula in Sabah.

48 On the dispersion stability of the Singapore slime, and its relation to the Malaysian tin mining slime Crystallization history of basic intrusive rocks of Singapore and Linden Estate (Johore) Tan Roon Kong* Jabatan Geologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi. K.R. Chakraborty Dept. of Geology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. This short presentation gives some data on the physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of the Singapore slime, in an attempt to account for its dispersion stability. For further details on the Singapore slime, the two publications listed below can be referred to. The dispersion stability of the Singapore slime can be attributed to its high clay content, in particular the very significant presence of surface-active montmorillonite. The pore fluid chemistry also shows a predominance of Na+ over other cations, a condition which is conducive to the dispersion of the clay particles. Measured values of the Zetapotential range from -35 to -57 mv, indic4ting that the Singapore slime has moderate to very good dispersion stability. In comparison, preliminary studies of the Malaysian tin mining slime in the Kuala Lumpur area shows the lack of surface-active montmorillonite, and the predominance of soluble MgZ+ over other cations. These major differences would have great implications especially with regard to the applicability of possible chemical treatment methods for the two slimes. References 1) R.N. Yong, B.K. Tan, C.S. Kim, C.K. Chen & J. Sellapah, Characterization studies of the Singapore clay slurry (Slime). Geotechnical Engineering, Journal of the Southeast Asian Geotechnical Society, Vol. 16, no. 2, Dec. 1985, pp ) R.N. Yong, C.K. Chen, J. sellapah & C.S. Kim, Stabilization of clay slurry at Tampines, Singapore. Proc. 3rd International Geotechnical Seminar on Soil Improvement Methods, Singapore, Nov. 1985, pp The basic intrusive bodies at Singapore and Linden Estate (Johore) comprise a consanguineous suite of rocks ranging in composition from allivalite to tonalite, noritic and eucrit1c rocks being the most dominant members. The crystallization sequence appears to he: Olivine + Plagioclase Calcic pyroxene Orthopyroxene (+ Pigeonite) --+ Amphibole + Fe-Ti-oxide Biotite + Quartz. Separation of early formed minerals has produced different types of cumulate rocks with variable intercumulus phases. Amphibole and other late crystallizing minerals do not occur as cumulus phase. The observed sequence suggests crystallization at shallow depth under progressively increasing P a,and is comparable to the low pressure experimental results of crystallizaion of calc-alkaline magmas (high alumina basalt) The occurrence of an orthopyroxene-cumulate rock having orthopyroxene as the only cumulus phase is problematic and implies some complexities in the crystallization history. Crystallization relationship of the pyroxenes appear to be complex. Inverted pigeonite sporadically occurs with apparently primary orthopyroxene while orthopyroxene and calcic clinopyroxene show cotectic relationship for the major part of the crystallization sequence suggesting a phase geometry where calcic clinopyroxene-pigeonite boundary surface terminates against that of calcic clinopyroxene-orthopyroxene. The cessation of pyroxene crystallization is coincident with the precipitation of amphibole. The presence of primary cummingtcnite is a unique feature. It is not ubiquitous but precedes hornblende. The magmatic crystallization of cummingtonite is probably conditioned by very low Ca-activity coupled with high a HzO as well as rlatively high asioz/zo ratio. 'The author is grateful to Prof. R.N. Yong, William Scott Professor of Civil Engineering & Applied Mechanics and Director, Geotechnical Research Centre (GRC), McGill University, Montreal, Canada, for the opportunity and financial support to work on the Singapore Slime Project during his recent sabbatical leave at GRC. *.*.*. Magnetic susceptability studies of basic igneous rocks of Peninsular Malaysia Clive Foss and K.R. Chakraborty Dept. of Geology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.

49 Magnetic susceptability values of the basic igneous rocks of Peninsular Malaysia range from 10-' to 10-1 SI. Values of 10- to 10-3 SI for the gabbroic rocks of Singapore and southern Johore are unusually low for this rock type and indicate that the opaque phase present is ilmenite. The Singapore dolerite dykes have an identical low susceptability, bu!:2 the hyid rocks of Pulau Ubin mostly have high sllsceptabili ties of 10 to 10 _I. The extrusive rocks of Segamat have susceptabilities in excess of 10 SI, except for those which are oxidised, which mostly have susceptabilities in the range 10-2 to 10-1 SI. The dolerite dykes at Kuantan have susceptabilities of 10-2 to 10-1 SI, identical to values for olivine nephelinites which are found in the same area. Alkaline olivine basalts associated with the nehelinites have a bimodal susceptability. distribution with peaks at 10- and 10-3 SI. ongst these similar looking rocks at Kuantan only the lower susceptability group of alkaline olivine basalts can be positively discriminated on grounds of magnetic susceptability Geological features are studied in various earth science disciplines by various universities in the country. A CODE FOR GEOLOGICAL FIELDWORK is proposed for adoption to conserve geological localities for future fieldstudy from vandalistic 'hammer-happy' fieldworkers and from indiscriminate wasteful collecting. Geological features in Peninsular Malaysia rat are worthy for conservation are evaluated. * Conservation of geological features in Peninsular Malaysia Frank S.K. Yong Chooi Shee Hoong & Co., Kuala Lumpur 0 -..J Inanimate nature geological.conservation is the protection from destruction of physical formation and geological phenomena of outstanding scientific geologic value representing the different stages of the earth's geologic history and its transformation through ongoing geological processes. Conservation takes into account the need for a proper and the most economical exploitation of the country's geologic resource in order to prevent undue waste of this depletive and non-renewable resource. Various types of geological features may be conserved for the science and study of geology. These features are type sections/localities/areas of geological formations, fossil localities, karstic limestone hills and caves, rock forms, coastline, hot springs, coral reefs and historical man-made mining structures. In view of land and economic development, the selection of a geological feature for conservation must be pragmatic. The feature should significantly represent one or more aspects of geology and does not duplicate the geology of other features conserved. These features occurring in a state of Peninsular Malaysia may be conserved in a State Park (land and marine), tlature Reserve, ature Monument and Geological Site (of special scientific interest). Gecloical Site is a new category of conservation area in this country, proposed in this study.

50 98 ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING The 20th Annual General Meeting of the GSM was held at the Rumah Universiti, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur at 4.00 p.m. on Monday 28th April The meeting was attended by 23 members. The minutes of the 19th AGM was passed without any amendments and discussion. President's Report In his Presidential Report, Dr. J.K. Raj said that 1985/86 was another eventful year for the Society. Many technical talks which were well attended were held. The 1985 Petroleum Geology Seminar was another success. Dr. Raj also added that 1985/86 also saw the appointment of three prominent geologists as Honorary Members. Publications of the Society continued to be published regularly. He added that the Sub-Committee on Professional Geologists Act has produced a Draft of the Proposed Act. A Protem Committee has to be appointed to proceed with the next step. The President took the opportunity to thank all those who help the Society during the past year and hoped that they will continue to support the Society. The report was accepted. Honorary Secretary's Report Dr. S. Paramananthan, the Hon. Secretary in his report outlined the major activities of the GSM in the last year. Members from the floor expressed concern with the large amount of stock of publications carried by the Society. The report was accepted. Editor's Report Dr. G. H. Teh, the Editor, outlined the progress on the publications. He informed members that Vol. I of Geosea (Bull 19) is being bound and will be ready for sale by mid-june. Vol. II (Bull 20) will be ready by August. Dr. Teh added that to date only $19,600/= in adverts has been collected. Members suggested that Council consider reducing the price of the two volumes (GEOSEA) from the recommended $40/= for members. Council was also asked to look into having Abstracts in Bahasa Malaysia in all future publications. The Editor's report was accepted. Honorary Treasurer's and Honorary Auditor's Report Mr. Chow Weng Sum, the Hon. Treasurer, presented both the reports. He pointed out that although there was a significant drop in excess of income over expenditure, this was partly due to the payment of some publications published in 1984 being paid in The Society was still financially sound. Both the reports were accepted. Election of Honorary Auditor Mr. Peter Chew was then elected to be the Hon. Auditor for 1986/87. Other Business a) Professional Geologists Act The President traced the history of this matter. The Sub-Committee

51 99 has now prepared a draft Act. The next step would be to appoint a Protem Committee th members of which would automatically be Professional Geologists. After a lot of discussions the floor agreed that the incoming Council draw up a list of members to serve on the Protem Committee and then circulate to Members for approval. b) GEOSEA Conference To a query from the floor, the Chairman confirmed that this will be held in Bandung in No details were however available. New Council (1986/87) The Chairman then announced the new Council: President: J.K. Raj (U.M.) Vice President: Ahmad Said. (Petronas) Hon. Secretary: S. Paramananthan (U.P.M.) Hon. Asst. Secretary: Ibrahim Komoo (U.K.M.) Hon. Treasurer: Chow Weng Sum (Geol. Sur. Malaysia) Hon. Editor: Teh Guan Hoe (U.M.) Councillors (2 years) : Wan Fuad Wan Hassan (U.K.M.) Koh Tuck 1ai (Petronas) Idris Mohamad (U.M.) Khee Koh Kean (Esso) (1 year) : Azhar Hj. Hussin (U.M.) Albert Loh (MMC) Ahmad Tajuddin Ibrahim (U.'1.) Vacant Hon. Secretary GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MALAYSIA GEOSEA V PROCEEDINGS VOLUMES I & (( (Bulletin Geological Society of Malaysia Nos. 19 & 20) 80th Volumes Members Non-members Price MS50.00 (USS21.90) MS (USS53.20)

52 PERSATUAN GEOLOGI MALAYSIA (GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MALAYSIA) Minutes of the 19th Annual General Meeting held at the Hotel Dayang, Petaling Jaya at 2.30 p.m. on 13th April The meeting was called to order by the President, Mr. Leong Khee Meng. Present: Leong Khee Meng (Chairman) Albert Loh Chow Wenq Sum Ian Metcalfe Hamzah Mohamed Koh Tuck Wai Choo Mun Keonq T.T. Khoo Mohamad Shah Abdullah Absent with apologies. C.S. Hutchison (overseas) G.H. Teh (overseas) Idris Mohamad (outstation) K.R. Chakraborty 1. Confirmation of the Minutes of the Previous AGH Syed Sheikh Almashoor Michael Leong J.K. Raj Yin Ee Heng Gan Ah Sai S. Paramananthan (Secretary) Andrew Spykerman Azhar Bj. Hussin B.K. Tan The minutes of the 18th AGH were confirmed on the proposal of Mr. Andrew Spykerman and seconded by Mr. Choo Mun Keong. 2. Matters AriSing There were no queries or comments from the floor. 3. President's Report Mr. Leong Kbee Meng presented his report for 1984/85. He reported that the Council set three priorities during this term of office. These were for (i) Council to work as a cohesive unit; (ii) the Society to be on a financially sound basis and (iii) publications to be released more regularly. In general the Council had managed to achieve most of these goals. The President also highlighted some of the achievements of the Society. The Sub-Committee set up to study the proposal on establishing the Institute of Professional Geologists Malaysia had made its recommendations and the in-coming Council would have to look into this. Also special attention should be made on the relationship between the Professional Members of GSH vis-a-vis the Institute. Being a Professional Member may not automatically enable membership in the Institute. For the first time a prominent geologist has been recolllllended for an award by the Agung. We are hopeful that this nomination will be successful. Council also decided that Honorary Member should be given a Certificate and Mr. S.K. Chung would he the first recipient. Durinq the current term no Young Geoscientist Award was made as no suitable nomination was teceived. The President also suggested that the in-coming Council look into the possihility of getting a permanent room somewhere The President thanked all Council Members and Members who have helped the Society. In particular he wished to thank Dr. S. Paramananthan who took the role of Bonorary Secretary and Editor. Also he thanked all donors and the University especially the Head of Geology Department, University of Malaya. Mr. Mohamad Shah suggested that with a view to cut down expenses the Society should consider publishing the WARTA quarterly and also to reduce the pages by not publishing things already published in earlier issues. Dr. T.T. Khoo responded that money is never enough but if the WARTA is published quarterly the authors have a lonqer wait or the issues may become thicker and hence the cost may be the same. Dr. Metcalfe commented that looking at the Financial Statement the Society was still healthy. Mr. Mohamad Shah also suggsted that the new Council should consider buying a permanent site. Dr. Kboo added that if the Society huys a property then the achievements such as publications will suffer as the Society would be financially tight. Other bodies such as IKH/IEM have buildings due to the Act which guarantees income from membership. Mr. Bamzah Mohamad suggested that some talks could he held at UKH. The President said that the Council has tried to do this and suggested that the new Council look into this. The President's Statement was then accepted on the proposal of Dr. T.T. Khoo who also proposed a vote of thanks to the President and the Council. It was seconded by Mr. Choo Mun Keong. 4. Presidential Address Hr. Leong then gave an informal Presidential Address on the topic 'Malaysian Geologists in the Corporate Orbit'. Be asked why were there very few geologists (local) as directors of mining companies, etc. In Indonesia a geologist was appointe& as Director Public Affairs and another as Director of Corporate Affairs of PERTAMINA but why not in Malaysia. Even Tan Sri Raja Mohar during the Petroleum Geology Seminar remarked that the geologists are little known. The factors that hinder us, Hr. Leong said was because geologists are individuals and never agree and hence seldom work as a team. Geologists lack diplomacy and are never exact however they are risk takers. Mr. Leong with the use of view-qraphs illustrated the qualities required of being a director and also the pyramid structure of corporations. Be concluded that if geologists want to make it to the top they should not be technocrats alone. He concluded that geologists can make it to the top if they try. 5. Bonorary Secretary's Report The Honorary Secretary's Report was presented by Dr. S. Paramananthan. The Report outlined the major activities of the Society and also the state of membership and publications of the Society. Dr. Azhar Hj. Hussin proposed the Report to be accepted. by Mr. Yoh Tuck Nai. This was seconded f-' o

53 6. Editor's Report Dr. S. Paramananthan, Acting Editor presented his Report where he outlined the state of the publications. He said that the GEOSEA V papers will be published as Bulletin nos. 18 & 19 and these should be ready by September Be also touched on the progress of the other publications. Dr. Metcalfe proposed that a vote of thanks and appreciation to Dr. S. Paramananthan be recorded for the work he is doing in his capacity as Acting Editor. This was seconded by Dr. J.K. Raj and accepted by the floor. 7. Honorary Treasurer's and Honorary Auditor's Reports Both these Reports were presented by the Honorary Treasurer, Mr. Gan Ah Sai. Mr. Gan clarified that although the excess of income over expediture shown in the statement is very high, this is not really so as a number of bills were paid in early Mr. choo Mun Keong said that in future the Financial Statement should also carry an item for committed expenditure and this would be more realistic. Both the reports were accepted on the proposal of Dr. T.T. Khoo and seconded by Mr. Choo Mun Keong. Mr. Koh Tuck Wai proposed that a vote of thanks be recorded for the work of Mrs. Anna Lee and Mr. Peter Chew. This was seconded by Dr. T.T. Khoo and accepted by the floor. 8. Election of Honora!}, Auditor Mr. Gan Ah Sai informed the Members present that Mr. Peter Chew has agreed again to continue as GSM's Hon. Auditor for the coming year 1985/86. Mr. Gan Ah Sai then proposed a motion to appoint Mr. Peter Chew as Hon. Auditor and this was seconded by Dr. S. Paramananthan and accepted by the floor. Dr. Param also informed the Members that the Society will be presenting Mr. Peter Chew with a pewter plaque in recognition of his contribution to the Society. 9. Other Business Mr. Choo Mun Keong wanted an up-date on the Proposed Institute of Professional Geologists. Mr. Koh Tuck Wai said in addition to those already mentioned by the President the Sub-Comrnittee proposed that the in-coming Council look into (i) Constitution; (ii) areas to be covered by the Act and (iii) Membership of the Board. He added if these can be tackled quickly it may be possible for the Act to be tabled in Mr. Choo suggested that Council look into the possibility of this Report being included in the WARTA for Members to comment. 10. Announcement of New Council (1985/86) The Chairman announced the new Council for 1985/86. He added however that few Members had already resigned (due to being overseas) and that in accordance with the Constitution only the Council could fill these vacancies. President Vice-President Honorary Secretary Honorary Ass t. Secretary Honorary Treasurer Editor Councillors (2-year) (I-year) Immediate Past President Dr. John Kuna Raj (Universiti Malaya) Dr. S. Paramananthan (Universiti Pertanian) Mr. Mohd. Ali Hasan (Universiti Malaya) Mr. Koh Tuck Wai (Petronas Carigali) Mr. Chow Weng Sum (Geological Survey) Dr. Teh Guan Hoe (Universiti Malaya) Dr. Abdullah Hasbi Hj. Hassan (SEATRAD Centre) Mr. Ahmad Said (Petronas) Dr. Azhar Hj. Hussin (Universiti Malaya) Mr. Albert Loh (MMC) Dr. Abdul Hamid Mohamad (Universiti Kebangsaan) Dr. Bamzah Mohamad (Universiti Kebangsaan) Mr. Michael Leong (Petronas) Mr. Yin Ee Heng (Geological Survey) Mr. Leong Khee Meng (Petronas) Dr. J. K. Raj then took over the Chairmanship of the meeting. He thanked Mr. Leong Khee Meng and all the other Members of the Council for the good work they have done and hoped that the in-coming Council could also keep on the good work. Dr. Raj also informed Members that due to the meeting of ASCOPE the Society may not be able to hold the Petroleum Geology Seminar this year. If that was the case then financially we would be tight and the activities would have to be curtailed. Members however felt we should have the Seminar probably after the ASCOPE meeting so that participants from ASCOPE can also attend the Seminar of the Society. There being no other business the meeting adjourned at 4.30 p.m. 11 May **.*** I-' o I-'

54 PRESIDENT'S REPORT 1985/ The past year 1985/86 has proved to be another eventful and successful year for the Society, though it was intially anticipated that it would have been a lean one in terms of activities. Several activities were organized and were well attended by members of the Society. This was particularly true of the many technical talks that were organized. These talks covered a broad range of topics of geological interest and were presented by several eminent geologists including Prof. Skinner of Yale University, Prof. Uyeda of Tokyo University and Prof. Briden,of Leeds University. A total of some 19 talks were organized and proved extremely beneficial to members who heard of current ideas and develqoments on a wide range of geological topics. In acceptance of a proposal made at last year's AGM furthermore, the venues for talks hosted by the Society were moved around and included the Departments of Geology, both in the University of Malaya and in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. In order to encourage the participation of undergraduates in geological research, the Society hosted a Graduates Evening at which two recent graduates of the University of Malaya presented results of their fourth year project reports. It should also be noted that this year's AGM is being held in conjunction with a twoday Conference organized by the SocietY. This Conference provides an opportunity for local and other geoscientists to present results of their research activities and it is hoped that such a Conference will be an annual affair. The 'Petroleum Geology Seminar 1985 was again held successfully and very well supported by the Petroleum Industry. This Seminar is one of the more important activities of the Society and aims at promoting the dissemination of knowledge and experience on various aspects of petroleum geology. In this respect the support of industry, governmental agencies and academia is acknowledged and appreciated and it is hoped that this support will continue. 'I11e 1985 Seminar was very well attended with a total of some 200 participants who listened to 18 presented papers. The successful organization of this year's Seminar is particularly gratifying in view of the committment of Industry to other Petroleum Conferences and grateful thanks are extended to the Organizing committee headed by Mr. Michael Leong. In connection with this year's S,eminar furthermore, a Special Bulletin on Petroleum Geology was able to be published by the Society. This Bulletin contains papers presented at past Petroleum Geology Sinars and its publication underlines the Society efforts in promoting the dissemination of knowledge and experience in Petroleum Geology. It should be noted that the Society also hopes to publish in another special Bulletin the papers presented at this year's Petroleum Geology Seminar as soon as formal approval from 'PETRONAS for release of the submitted papers is received. The past year has also seen the election of three senior Members of'the Society to Honorary Membership. These Honorary Members comprising Mr. Santokh Singh, Prof. Hutchison and Prof. Tjia were considered by Council as being all meritorious of election to Honorary Membership and in view of their contemporary stature it was decided to honour all of them simultaneously. All of them have contributed significantly towards the unravelling of Malaysian geology and have played definitive and involved roles in activities and publications of the Society. I take this opportunity to congratulate all three of them and trust that they will continue to provide their unabated support to the Society. Publications of the Society have continued on an even keel with regular issues of the Newsletter and Bulletin. The long awaited Bulletins containing the proceedings of GEOSEA V have also finally seen the light of day with the first volume, i.e. Bulletin 19 having been printed while the second volume, i.e. Bulletin 20 will be printed by the end of July. Order forms for the purchase of these two volumes have been circulated to members and other interested parties. It is to be noted that these two volumes are being offered for sale to members at a price of M$40.oo (for both) as the Society intends to recover part of the costs of publication. With reference to the Professional Geologists Act, it is to be noted that the Sub-Committee looking after this matter has come-up with a rough,draft of the proposed Act. In view of the Society's committed role in only helping to set-up the procedural framework for the formulation of the Act, however,, Council has decided that a separate Society be set-up to push forward by itself for the final formulation and implementation of the Act. A draft Constitution has already been drawn-up for this Society that is to be known as the Malaysian Institute of Geologists, though no pro-tem Committee has been set-up. In view of the difficulty of naming this pro-tem COmmittee, Council has decided to seek the views of members during this AGM. At this point, I would like to extend my thanks to the Sub-COmmittee headed by Mr. Koh TUck Wai who have spent a lot of time and effort in drawing-up the drafts of the proposed Act and the Constitution of the proposed Institute. Mr. Chin Lik Suan is also thanked for his effort and assistance in these matters. In closing I take this opportunity to thank all fellow members of Council who have generously contributed of their time to ensure the successful management of the Society over the past year. I also take this opoortunity to thank the Heads of the Departments of Geology of both the University of Malaya and the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia for their support of Society's activities. I finally express my thanks to all individuals and organizations who have provided invaluable support and contributions to the Society's activities over the past year. 21 April 1986 b IJ

55 l. HONORARY SECRETARY'S REPORT (April March 1986) The Council of the Geological Society of Malaysia (GSM) for the 1985/86 term was as follows:- President: Vice-President: Honorary Secretary: Honorary Asst. Secretary: Honorary Treasurer: Editor: Councillors ( ): Councillors ( ): Immediate Past President: 2. Resignations Dr. J.K. Raj (University of Malaya) Dr. S. Paramananthan (Universiti Pertanian Malaysia) (resigned 13/4/85) Mr. Yin Ee Heng (Geological Survey Malaysia) (from 13/4/85) Mr. Mohd. Ali Hasan (University of Malaya) (resigned 13/4/85) Dr. S. Paramananthan (Universiti Pertanian Malaysia) (from 13/4/85) Mr. KOh TUck Wai (Petronas-Carigali) Mr. Chow Weng Sum (Geological Survey Malaysia) Dr. Teh Guan Hoe (University of Malaya) (Dr. S. Paramananthan acted from Nov., 1984 to August, 1985) Dr. Abdullah Hasbi Hj. Hassan (SEATRAD Centre) (resigned w.e.f. 7/3/86) Mr. Ahmad Said (Petronas;--- Dr. Azhar Hussin (University of Malaya) Mr. Albert Loh (MMC) Or. Abdul Hamid Mohamad (Universiti Kebanqsaan Malaysia) (resigned w.e.f. 13/4/85) Dr. Hamzah Mohamad (Universiti Kebangsaan 'alaysia) Mr. Michael Leong (Petronas) Mr. Yin Ee Heng (Geological Survey Malaysia) (resigned 13/4/85) Dr. Idris Mohamad (University of Malaya) (w. e.f. 13/4/85) Dr. Wan Fuad (w.e.f. 13/4/85) Mr. Leong Khee Meng Due to the number of resignations which took place as a result of various circumstances, some changes in the Council were made at the first meeting of the Council held on 13/4/85. These changes were: i) H) Hi) iv) Dr. S. Paramananthan resigned as Vice-President to become Honorary Secretary to replace Encik Mohamad Ali Hasan. Mr. Yin Ee Heng was appointed Vice-President. Dr. Abdul Hamid Mohamad resigned as Councillor and Dr. Idris Mohamad was appointed to replace him. Dr. Wan Fuad Wan Hassan was appointed to replace Mr. Yin who was appointed Vice President. Dr. ::asbi resigned from Council w.e.f. 7/3/ Council Meetings The GSM Council 1985/86 met twelve (12) times over the last year. Meetings were normally held on the first Friday of every month. As required the Council establj.shf'd a number of Sub-Corruni ttees such as the Nominations Committee, Young Geoscientists Publication Award etc. 4. Membership The total membership of the Society as of 31st March 198E was 399. breakdown of the membership is given in Tahle Activities of the GSM The GSM continued to remain active during the year. Once again a very successful Petroleum Geology Seminar was held in December The activities of the GSM for the period from April 1985 to March 1986 are listed in Table Publications The sales of the Publications of the Society during the year have been rather slow. The Society still continues to carry a large amount of the stock. In an effort to reduce this, a number of 'package deals' were offered for sale but yet this did not improve sales. The stock as of 31st March 1986 and sales in 1985/86 are given in Table Regional Representatives The following members were reappointed as the GSM's Regional Representatives: a) Mr. Aw Peck Chin (Ipoh) b) Mr. Victor Hon (Sarawak) c) Mr. r.im Peng Siong (Sabah) d) Mr. Loke Meng Heng (P. Pinang) 8. Amendments to the Constitution The Amendments of Article V. Section 2 regarding the election of office bearers were approved by the Registrar of Societies. These changes will therefore be implemented for the election of the Council for 1986/87. A copy of the revised Constitution of the GSM is being printed and will be circulated to members shortly. 9. Young Geoscientists Award The winner for this year was Mr. Lye Yue Hong. His award was based on the publication of his undergraduate research work in Bulletin Matters Arising from the AGM a) Institute of Professional GeOlogists The Sub-Committee has finalised the draft of the Constitution for the Institute and this will be circulated to members shortly. The outgoing Council hopes that the Institute can be a reality hy 19A6 or A t-' o w

56 .. III f I'l!i 'l 1/1 21 '.. II: I'l n >' 3: III.. 0 III og.. J:.. ;. [..: oil.g.. III lit to It n 11 III ; If...,g.. ' CD 1/1 I!.. III.. 8',g iil. If S III '8 It It f)c It III III. 11!jWlllllary [ It III III t- In general, the GSM has had a relatively active and successful year. The '... ' ' '.. ' ' II ' Council would like to take this opportunity to thank all sponsors/organisers who assisted in the seminars/talks etc. Thanks are also due to the many.. :? donors who have continued to support the Society with financial assistance.. '.. The Society wishes also to place on record the appreciation and thanks for the support given by many organisations (in particular, the Department If ' of Geology, University of Malaya' and individuals without whose support 0 '. the Society could not carry out its activities successfully. T.ast but c:...,.. to support the activities of the Society 0 III.. 'l!;- '.. If It Dr. S. Paramananthan 0.. Honorary Secretary li.'to st March, '.. not least, thanks are also due to all members of the GSM who have continued 0.. II. II It 3: g'... II- It If. :r.. to 'ti '.. 0 It /1 n It.. CD b g It ' ' ' g... n CD II g. 0 III. 1/1 g Po If If

57 105 Table 2. Activltle. of the CeolOQical Society of Malayaia (April March 1986' Dete Activity Organl.ers/Speaker. Phce Technical Talk June 1985 Environmental trace element geochemi.try of the Kelan9 Badn Bruce Neleon (Unlv. of Vlrginla' Univer.i t1 Malaya 2. II July July 1985 A geo.tati.tical.tudy of global and local re.erve. ln an Indoneelan Prlmary tin depoait - Do - Prof. A.J. Slnclair (unlv. of Brlti.h Columbla Canada) - r.o - SEATRAD Centre Unlv. Halaya J. 15.July 1985 Changing patterne of minera11zation through geo1oqic ti_ Prof. Brian J. Skinner (Yale UniYer.lty, U.S.A.) UnlvardU Mahya July 1985 S. 29 July 1985!nvironmenta and.tyle. of mineralization in maeelve.ulfide depo.it. Recent advances in the C 14 dating techniques Prof. Brian J. Sklnner (Yale Universlty, U.S.A.' Dr. Mlchael Barbettl (Sldney Unlv., AuatralUI Univeral ti Malaya Univerei tl 'hy Auqu.t 1985 Petang Si.. auh a) Strati9raphy of Mantannani Ial;n48, Sabah. b) Stratigraphy of the Suan Lamba area, Sabah. r.ok I:.enq Hung (Unlyer.ltl alaya) Chuah Teon'l B'n (IInlvere! ti Malaya' Unlversl tl '1ala:ta Unl'/ersl tl Malaya 7. lo September 1985 Shuttle Ima9in9 radar (SIR-B) in resource survey October 1985 Models for Epithermal Gold Deposits John Ford (Californla Inatltute of Technology, U.S.A.' D.J. Kirvin (Townsvllle, Australla' r.i!chln'l Unlvenlti Malaya October 1985 a) Perbandingan Fasies Formasi Bt. Y.er.ny dan Formasi Bt. Dinding b) Contact Metamorphism and Matrix recrystallization of the Setul Limestone, Langkaw1. Hamzah Hoh.. d (UKI1, Bangl, Khoo Tang Tlong (Unly. Malaye' UY.I'I, Ban'll UY, Bangl 10. lloctober 1985 Peqmatltic tin occurrences in Africa Or. Oleg Von Knorring (Unlv. of Leeds' Unlvecsl tl.. aya November 1985 Did the flowering plants (an'liosperms) first evolve in Malaya? A geoloqlcal look at the problem. Prof. M.r. Audley-Charlea (UnlY. COllege, London' UY.I'I, Ban'll December 1985 Habitat of onahore all accumulations in Southern En'lland. Dr. ruce Sellwood (Unly. of Readln'l' Unlversltl Malaya. ll. 12 December 1985 Carbonate platform and platform-col lap facie. in the Me.ozoic Tethy. Dr. Bruce Sellwood (Unlv. of Readlng, Unlvarsltl Malaya January 1986 Melange and subduction in the Outer ZOne of Southwest Japan Dr. Shlgekl Hada (Kochl Unlv., Japan' Univenlt! Halaya IS. 2l February 1986 Africa to Europe Motion. and thp. Tectonics of the Alpine - Mediterranean Ae9ion Or. Alan Smlth (IInlvenHy of Caaobrldge' Univaralt! Halaya March 1986 on Subduction Zon.e Prof. S. Uyeda (Japan' Univerdt! Halaya March 1986 Pele.omaqnetlam and Tectonic niplacement rrof. J.C. Brlden (Unl v. of Leeds' Unlv.nltl Malaya

58 Table 3: Stock of Publications EDITOR'S REPORT The Society's ta Geoi made its regular appearance in 1985 Bulletin No. Sales 1985/86 Stock Remaininq , * * 300 Field Guide Abstracts (Bulletin 6) 2 38 Stratiqraphic COrrelation * * Inclusive of free copies to members while Bulletin 18, a special volume on Petroleum Geology, was hrought out in time for the Petroleum Geoloqy Seminar '85. Bulletin 18 besides having oloured illustrations also introduced coloured advertisements in the SoCiety's Bulletin Series for the first time. - The Society's newsletter, the rta Geoi, also went colour in the Jan-Feb 1986 issue with an advertisement fram Schlumberger. Overseas S.A. The GEOSEA V PROCEEDINGS (Bulletin 19 and 20) are in the final staqes of publication. Volume I will be available in April/May 1986 and Volume II in July/August Members will be charged a naminal sum for the 2 volumes and it is hoped that members will came forward readily to help the Society offset the publication costs for these 2 voluminous PROCEEDINGS containing 95 articles and over 1,000 pages in total. The Editor appreciates the good work of the Acting Editor and the Editorial Advisory Board and those who unselfishly chipped in with valuable assistance. The Society is also grateful to the authors for their worthy contributions and the many advertisers and donors who came forward in the year with valuable financial assistance towards the Society's Publication Fund.. o 0'1

59 HONORARY TREASURER'S REPORT, 1995 The excess of income over expenditure for the year 1985 is M$39, This value represents a drop in the excess of income over expenditure for 1985 when compared with 1984 though it should be pointed out that publication costs were high due to the payment for the printing of Bulletins 16 & 17 in There has been in 1985 a substantial increase in income derived from subscriptions, advertisements in publications and sales of publications. Increase in income from subscriptions has been due to the increase in membership fees while the increase in advertisements in publications has been due to a drive by Council to offset publications costs. Increase in the sales of publications has finally resulted in part from Council's attempt to reduce present stocks of publications by offering special package deals for earlier published Bulletins. In comparison wit 1984 furthermore, there is a decrease in the interests for fixed deposits. though it should be noted that this is due to the absence of maturation of some fixed deposits which have been placed for 15 months maturation periods as compared to 3 & 6 months maturation periods for On the whole the Society remains in a financially sound situation with a total of M$174, placed in fixed deposits. I wish to thank all donors and all memhers of the Society who have supported the Society's activities for the year. REPORT OF THE AUDITORS TO THE MEMBERS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MALAYSIA To Members of the Geological Society of Malaysia We have obtained all the information and explanations necessary for the purpose of this audit ahd in our opinion the accounts for the year ended 31st December 1985 give a true and fair view of the state of the Society's financial affairs. I-' o -..J Last but not least, I also take this opportunity to thank the Society Honorary Auditor, Mr. Peter Chew for sacrificing much of his precious time in providing excellent services to the Society and also for agreeing to continue as the Society's auditor for yet another year. CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS AUDITORS 24th April, (CHOW WENG SUM) Honorary Treasurer Date: 21 April 1986 Kuala Lumpur

60 PERSATUAN GEOLOGI MALAYSIA (GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MALAYSIA) INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNl' FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 1985 FIXED ASSETS PERSATUAN GEOLOGI MALAYSIA (GEOLOGICAl, SOCIETY OF MALAYSIA) BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31 DECEMBER INCOME Entrance fee Subscriptions Fixed deposits interest Advertisements Sales of publications Professional Membership Petroleum Geology Seminar 1984 Xerox Rockcon/Border Workshop Economic Geo1oqy Seminar/GEOSEA V Advertisements: Bulletin $ , , , , , $ , , , , SO.OO 30, , , , Office equipment Less: Accumulated depreciation CURRENT ASSETS Fixed deposits Expenses prepaid: Telephone deposit Cash at bank Petty cash $ 24, , $ 10, $105, , $196, $ 24, , $174, , $241, $ 7, $74, $91, LESS CURRENT LIABILITIES LESS EXPENDITURE Bank charges Depreciation on office Honorarium Postage Printing & Stationary: Misc. $ Newsletters Bulletin 16 Bulletin 17 Refreshments equipment 2, ,259.SO 9, , Subscription to Professional bodies Sundry expenses Annual General Meeting Telephone expenses Speakers' Account Geoscience Education Project Annual Dinner $ , , , SO.80 7,939.SO 101. SO SO 1, $21, $ , , , , , , $52, subscriptions in advance Petty cash Geosea V Donations/Advertisements: Bull. 21/22 Represented by CAPITAL FUND Balance as at Add: excess of income over expenditure Student Loan Fund Petroleum Geology Seminar 1985 Young Geoscientist Award $ , $ 7, $189, $199, $100, , $153, , , , , $ 1, $152, , $240, $248, $191, ,101,91 44, , o 0) EXCESS OF INCOME OVER EXPENDITURE $53, c $39, $199, $248, Committed expenditures: a) u) c) d) Petroleum Geoloqy Seminar '85 8ulleliu 10 Transfer to fixed deposits Warta Geoloqi - $15, , , ,800.00

61 109 BERITA-BERITA PERSATUAN (NEWS OF THE SOCIETY) PROGRESS OF SOCIETY'S PUBLICATIONS Bulletin 19, GEOSEA V PROCEEDINGS Vol. I. Printing is completed. The Volume I of a 2-volume set will be available in mid-june. It has a meaty 652 pages. Bulletin 20, GEOSEA V PROCEEDINGS vol. II. Bulletin 21 Typesetting is in its final stages. With 3 additional papers from the Annual Conference '86 this volume has now 6 papers under consideration. Bulletin 22 Special Issue on Petroleum Geology Vol. 2. There are now 9 papers being considered for this volume. One each from CPC, GSI and Schlumberger, and 6 papers (5 from SHELL and 1 from ESSO) awaiting PETRONAS' approval. The Editor has written to Mr. Leong Khee Meng, who is PETRONAS' Exploration Manager, requesting his help to facilitate an early clearance of the papers so that we can get the volume out before the GSM Petroleum Geology Seminar '86. It is hoped that Mr. Leong, who is the Society's Immediate Past President, will help expediate the release of the papers concerned. FIRST 20 ADVANCE ORDERS FOR GEOSEA V PROCEEDINGS Since the call for advance orders for the GEOSEA V PROCEEDINGS in mid April, we have received 60 orders so far. We are pleased to announce the first 20 advance orders received our appreciation for their valuable support and hope other members and organisations will follow the example set by the first Tan Teong Hing UKM, Bangi. 2. C.S. Hutchison UM, Kuala Lumpur. 3. S. Sandrasagaram OM, Kuala Lumpur. 4. Khoo Han Peng Geological Survey Malaysia, Ipoh. 5. Geological Survey Malaysia Library Ipoh. 6. Mohamed Shah b. Abdullah Shah Alam. 7. A. Aziz b. Russin UTM, Kuala Lumpur. 8. Huzaidi b. Hashim Cement Industries Malaysia, Perlia. 9. C.P. Lee University of Liverpool. 10. J.A. Richardson Western Australia. 11. John M. Cleara Perth, Australia. 12. P. Loganathan Geological Survey Malaysia, Seremban. 13. Syed Sheikh Almashoor UKM, Bangi.

62 H. Sawata Chiba-shi, Japan. 15. Ho Kok Kett Dengkil, Selangor. 16. Che Aziz b. Ali UKM, Bangi. 17 Kamal Ros lan b. Mohamed UIQ., Bangi. 18. Shu Yeoh Khoon - Geological Survey Malaysia. 19. Au Yong Mun Heng Petaling Jaya. 20. C.R. Pietersz Victoria, Australia. KEAHLIAN (MEMBERSHIP) Full Members The following applications for membership were approved: Howard John Smith, Gearhart Geodata Services Ltd., 118 Tagore Lane, Singapore Kamaludin bin Hassan, Geological Survey Lab., P.O. Box lois, Ipoh, Perak. Rohaiyah Ismail, Sarawak Shell Berhad, Lutong, Sarawak. Brian David Outlaw, Britoil (Alpha) Ltd., Setiabudi Building 1, A2, 4-6, Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said, Jakarta Selatan. Uyop Said, Jabatan Geologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi. Kamal Roslan Mohamed, Jabatan Geologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi. Institutional Member Petrofina S.A. Far East Exploration Office, 138, Cecil Street # 12-01, Cecil Cecil Court, Singapore Phillips Petroleum Co. Far East, 51 Goldhill Plaze # Newton Road, Singapore Associate Member Dr. Ting Wen Hui, 18, Jln. 20/10, Damansara Kim, Petaling Jaya. PERTUKARAN ALAMAT (CHANGE OF ADDRESS) The following members have informed the Society of their new addresses: Frederick Newcomb, 5 Baker Court, Rancho Mirage, CA 92270, U.S.A. Juhari Bin Mat Akhir, Department of Environmental Science, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland. Che Aziz Bin Ali, Jabatan Geologi, Fakulti Sains Fizis Dan Gunaan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi. Chue Hang Cheong, 188 Lorong Maarof, Kuala Lumpur. T.R. Sweatman, c/o Stephen Eric Consultants Pte. Ltd., 10 Anson Road # 16-23, International Plaza, Singapore Choo Mun Keong, 36, Jalan SS21/1, Damansara Utama, Petaling Jaya. N.C. Tallis, Phillips Petroleum Company, 6330 W. Loop South, Bellaire, Texas 77401, Phillips Building, Houston. Jasvir Singh, No. 63 Jalan 8/1, Section 8, Shah Alam 50000, Selangor. Robert B. Tate, c/o New House Farm, Hatton, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom.

63 111 PERTAMBAHAN BARU PERPUSTAKAAN (NEW LIBRARY ADDITIONS) The following publications were added to the Library: 1. Bulletin Centres de Recherches Exploration Production Elf Aquitain, Vol. 7 (nos 1 & 2), 1983 and Vol. 8 (nos. 1 & 2), 1984, Vol. 9 (nos. 1 & 2), National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, Annual Report Journal of the Faculty of Science, The University of Tokyo, Vol. 21, no. 2, Oklahoma Geology Notes, Vol. 45, nos. 4-6, Landplan II: Role of geology in lanning and development of urban centres in Southeast Asia. Edited by B.K. Tan and J.L. Rau, Memoirs of the Ehime University, Vol. X, no. 2, National Library Singapore, adult reference collections. Accessions list, Dec and Jan-Mar & April Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 181, article 2, American Museum Novitates, nos. 2829, 2831, 2832, Bulletins of the Geological Survey of India, no. 48, Commonwealth Science Council, Newsletter, Jan-Feb, & Mar-April Institution of Mining & Metallurgy, Transactions. Section A, vol. 95, Scripta Geologica, no. 78, Seatrad Bulletin, Vol. VI, no. 4, AAPG Explorer, Feb & March AGID News, no. 46, The Journal of the Geological Society of Korea, vol. 21, no. 4, Chronique de la recherche miniere, no. 482, Bulletin of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, no. 951, Institute of Geoscience, The University of Tsukuba, Annual Report, no. 11, Episodes, Vol. 9, no. 1, Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, no. 11, The University of Kansas, Paleontological contributions, Paper 117, Bulletin of Statistics Relating to the Mining Industry of Malaysia, Report and statistics relating to the Mining industry in Malaysia, Geological Literature of USSR. Bibliographical year book for 1981 year, Vol. I & II, Geophysical Research Bulletin, Vol. 24, no. 1, 1986.

64 112 BERITA-BERITA LAIN (OTHER NEWS) CAMPUS ROUND-UP GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT) UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA The months of March and April 1986 appeared to be a most busy and eventful time at the Geology Department, University of Malaya. First of all there was the final examinations and the visits made by both the external examiners for Geology and Applied Geology, namely Prof. S. Uyeda and Prof. J. Briden (see section on Technical Talks in this issue). On April 1st, Assoc. Prof. S.P. Sivam was appointed the new Head of the Geology Department by the Vice-Chancellor, replacing Prof. B.K. Tan. Congratulations are also in order for Dr. John Kuna Raj (President of Geological Society of Malaysia) on being promoted to Associate Professor. As one of the first duties as Head, Assoc. Prof. S.P. Sivam received a cheque for M$lO,OOO from Encik Yusuf Hashim on behalf of SHELL in a simple ceremony at the department. The grant is SHELL's annual contribution to the financing of the department's students working on their theses field areas in Sabah and Sarawak. The company has made about M$50,000 in annual grants to the university since S.P. Sivam receiving the cheque from Yusuf Hashim of SHELL. EMPLOYMENT CORNER G.H. Teh Malaysian Geologist seeks a geological position with a firm in or around Kuala Lumpur, preferably in the petroleum or engineering/geotechnical industry. Other types of employment, especially management also happy to consider. Married, male, 38 with B.Sc (Hons), University of Malaya Experience as mud logging geologist April November 1980, Advanced Drilling Technology (ADT) Engineer December December 1981, Petroleum

65 113 Geologist January April 1983 and later briefly as Consultant Geologist and Sales Representative. Sitting for final paper of Association of Business Executives (ABE) diploma in June Resume on request. Code ECOOl, Warta GeoZogi. THESES TITLES 1985/86 UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA 1. The geology and gravity survey of Kuala Kelawang-Durian Tipus area, Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan by Abd. Rahim Nurdin, pp. 2. Palaeontology and biostratigraphy of Bukit Panching, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia by Azlan Mohd. Sabirin, pp. 3. Geologi Struktur Tanjung Sedili Besar dan Tanjung Tebal, Kuala Sedili, Kota Tinggi, Johor by Azahab Hassan, pp. 4. The geology of the South Mukah-Balingian Area, Sarawak by Sriyanee de Silva, pp. 5. Stratigraphy, Sedimentology and Palaeontology of the Teres-Bakau area, Mukah, Third Division, Sarawak by Ann Yasmin Nordin, pp. 6. The geology and metamorphism of the Kedah Peak area, Kedah by Salahuddin Aminy b. Jamaluddin, pp. 7. Geologi am kawasan Bahau, Negeri Sembilan by othman Ali Mahmud, pp. 8. Geologi am kawasan Paloh, Keluang, Johor by Zamani Jantan, pp. 9. Structural geology of Tanjong Siang, Tanjong Balau and Tanjong Lompat, East of Johore, Malaysia by Mohd. Daud Hashim, pp. 10. The general geology of the Simpang Rengam area, Kluang, Johore by Azman Abd. Aziz, pp. 11. Geo1ogi am kawasan Keruak, Ulu Besut, Terengganu by Badrul Hisam Ismail, pp. 12. Petrografi dan geokimia bagi kawasan Bukit Rambutan, Besut, Terengganu by Sirattal'Aini Abdul Hamid, pp. 13. The general geology of the South-Eastern U1u Sebuyau area, west Sarawak, East Malaysia by Seit1e Singh Dhi1lion, pp. 14. Geology of an area south of Bahau by Yeap Kok Loo, pp. 15. Geologi kawasan Kemaman, Negeri Terengganu by Lim Thiam Chang, pp.

66 The geology and biostratigraphy of Pulau Langgun, Langkawi, Kedah by Zulraini Mohd. Dahlim, pp. 17. Geologi kawasan Bukit Tujoh, Bukit Sembilan dan Chegar Perah, Lipis, Pahang by Norisman Ismail, pp. 18. The general geology of Kepayang-Singkalan area, West Sarawak, East Malaysia by Chai Ted Seng, pp. 19. Sedimentologi, stratigrafi dan struktur bagi kawasan Raub, Pahang by Mohd. Zuhar Haron, pp. 20. Petrographic studies of Gunung Sumalayang Limestone, in the Sungai Sedili Area, Johore, West Malaysia by Mahidah Ab. Wahab, pp. 21. The geology of Terbat area, Sarawak, Malaysia by Mohd. Shukri Abdullah Sani, pp. 22. Geologi dan paleontologi kawasan Sg. Chiku, Gua Musang, Kelantan by Abd. Nasir Janaro, pp. 23. Geology of eastern Pengerang and Tanjung Penawar, Southeast Johore by Razu Shawari, pp. 24. Sedimentologi, stratigrafi dan struktur kawasan Sg. Rek-Sg. Sam, Kuala Krai, Kelantan by Mohd. Razali Che Kob, pp. 25. Stratigraphy, sedimentology and structural geology of Stapang-Bukit Singalang area, Central Sarawak by Lancelot Sering, pp. 26. General geology of South-west Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia by Soo Meng Fook, pp. 27. Stratigraphy, sedimentology and structure of the Sungai Arip area, Third Division, Sarawak by Ho Chee Kwong, pp. 28. Geologi dan geomorfologi bagi kawasan Kampung Seledang, Setiu, Terengganu by Omar Sa1leh, pp.

67 GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MALAYSIA GEOSEA V PROCEEDINGS VOLUMES I & II (Bulletin Geological Society of Malaysia Nos. 19 & 20) ISSN012tV8i81 FIFTH REGIONAL CONGRESS ON GEOLOGY, MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES OF SOUTHEAST ASIA GEOSEA V PROCEEDINGS KUALA LUMPUR MALAYSIA VOLUME I EdilOn G.tl. TIll 5 r.. It.I.. :-nl,'i APRIL th APRIL 1984 AUGUST 1986 Some of Ihe <lrliclcs appearing indude:- Massin' sulphide deposits and Iheir possible significance to other orcs R.W. Hutchinson: 1:1 1 3eogeog r aphic dc'clopmcnt or wcst Sarawak Denis N.K. Tan; Gcolo!:icai c'01ulion orlh', Southern I hilippines - C. K. Burton; Soulhc:lSI Asia as :I pari of :111 carly I'alaeozo;c AuSlralian Gond 3naland C. Bu rrell & B. Slait; Tertiary basi ns or S.E. Asia lheir disparalc leclonic origin. and euslalic slr:liigraphica l similarilies C.S. Hutchison: LaiC I>al acozoic palacoj.!eography or Southeast Asia: SQme st ratigr:aphi c:a l. pa la{'onlologica l and pal:aeomagnelic constraints I. Metcalfe: Thc REE I!eochemistry or Lin:;shan W Sn-hc:tring granites!lnd thl'ir applications to pelrogelll'sis or the gr!lilitcs Yuan Zhongxing (' II/.: Chromiu' deposits or Papua New Guinea 1). 101. Afenya: Recent adl'ances in expluration modelling for lin dl'posits nnd their :application 10 the SE Asian eln'ironment R.G. Taylor & P.J. f 1 ollard: Some Ihoughts on the de'elopmcnt of thealhlliaf tinficlds ofthe Malay-Th:ai I'eninsula D. Tayl or: llast melal cxplora tion in Sa bah David T.e. Lee & H.S. Weber: The n!llurc and polelltial or gold minn:a lisation in Kefan ta n L. H. Chu & D. Santokh Singh: Quaternary deposits of Thailand - P. Dhccradilok & W. Kacwyanll: Soillandscapcs in Peninsular M:al!lysia S. Paramananthan & S. Zauyah: As pects or the geochemistry of Mai:'lysian cassitcritl's W. Fuad Ha ssa n: Gcologic:a l c'olotion or thc Indoncsian Archi pcl!lj.!o 'I.S. Hartono & S. Tjokrosapoelro: The natore. distribotion lind gelil'sis or certain :lot higenic minerals in the stannirerous!l ilu l'i:l1 deposits of S.E. Asia - K.F.G. Hosking: Global I«:tonics and resou rces W.S. Pyre: Tin/tungsten b aring grani tes ill S. China and their meta ilogenetic relations- Xu Kcqin & Zhu J inchu: Hydrogeological!lctilitics in Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak - F.S. Chong & Denis N.K. Tan: S tatus uf uranium exploration in Peninsular ll:abysia - L.H. Chu & F. Chand: Directions orgl'ologic transport in I'eninsular lla l!ly ill - I-I. D. Tjia: Cathaysia. Gondwanaland and the I)alaeotethys in the I'l'olulion of Con tinental S.E., sia - Y.G. Gatinsky & e.s. Hutchison: llarginal sta formation by riftin or the Chinese and Austr:llian Continental Margins and implica tions for Borneo- e.s. H utc hi on: llesozoil; and Cenozoic regionaltc'ctonics and metalloge nl'sis in Mai nl and S.E. Asia A.H.G. Mitchell: Coal potential andcxploration in Sarawak - S.l l Chcn: Th{' succession or 'crt ebrate faun as in th e continental Mesozoic of Thailand - E. BuITcaut & R. Ingaval: Regional conlrols of h'drothermlll ore localization in northern Thailand- P. Asnachinda & S. Ch'lIlIar.lmcc: Late Pai:l{,ozoic gi:lcial marine facies in S.E. Asia and its implic:liions- P.H. St;tuITer & c.p. Lee. Cretaceous melange in Wt'st Kalimantan :liid its tectonic implications- P.R. Williams ('I (II.: Recent adl'ances in th{' knowl{'dge or J!eology. mineral and energy resources or Singapore since Ansafur Rahman & P.P. Wong; The integration or r{'lilotc stnsing. terrain cl'aluatlon and engineering geology in SOlltheast Asia - BeaulIlo nt. T.E. & Hunt. T: Recent adlances in the knowledge of geology and mineral resources or Vietnam since Le Thai Xinh & Nguyen Xu an An. This 2-volume GEOSEA V PROCEEDINGS of about 500 pages each contains 95 articles presented at the Fifth Regional Congress on Geology, Mineral and Energy Resources of Southeast Asia held in Kuala Lumpur, April To: Hon. Assisl. Sec retary Geological Society of Malaysia, c/o Department of Geology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, MALA YSIA. Date: Order for GEOSEA V PROCEEDINGS I wish to place an order for set(s) of the GEOSEA V PROCEEDINGS which will be in 2 volumes of about SOO pages each. Volume I wi ll be available in April/ May 1986 and Volume II in July/August Bolh Volumes Members NOll-members Price MSSO.OO (US$2 1.90) MS12S.00 (USSS3.20) N ame/company/ lnslill! I ion Address Enclosed cheque/money order/bank draft for M$/ US$ Prices include su rface mail. For airmail please call 03-7)77036 or lelex UN IMAL MA37453.

68 NEGERI-NEGERI MALAYSIA (STATES OF MALAYSIA) I PERLIS KEDAH PU'-'!U PINANG PERAK KELANTAN TRENGGANU SELANGOR 8. PAHANG 9. NEGERI S E N 81L A N 10. MELAKA II. JOHOR 12. SA8AH 13. SARAWAK fit;> P. Banggi LAUT CINA SELATAN (South China Sea) Lut<;t.:.'.. S' '.oio' e.',' SINGAPORE . A y s J o Naluna 13 /.. ',. ). / v I o Singkep KALIMANTAN

LIGHTNING AS A NEW RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE SARAVANA KUMAR A/L ARPUTHASAMY UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

LIGHTNING AS A NEW RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE SARAVANA KUMAR A/L ARPUTHASAMY UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA LIGHTNING AS A NEW RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE SARAVANA KUMAR A/L ARPUTHASAMY A project report submitted

More information

SPAM FILTERING USING BAYESIAN TECHNIQUE BASED ON INDEPENDENT FEATURE SELECTION MASURAH BINTI MOHAMAD

SPAM FILTERING USING BAYESIAN TECHNIQUE BASED ON INDEPENDENT FEATURE SELECTION MASURAH BINTI MOHAMAD A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

More information

Geology. Definition of a Mineral. Minerals: 7-1. To be defined as a mineral in the geologic sense, a substance must pass 5 tests:

Geology Minerals: We will begin our study of the land with a study of the basic building blocks of rocks: Minerals. Definition of a Mineral To be defined as a mineral in the geologic sense, a substance

More information

TEKNOLOGI VIDEO DIGITAL PENGENALAN KEPADA VIDEO ANALOG

TEKNOLOGI VIDEO DIGITAL PENGENALAN KEPADA VIDEO ANALOG Jabatan Multimedia Pendidikan Fakulti Pendidikan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia VIDEO ANALOG & VIDEO DIGITAL Video Analog merujuk kepada hasil dari

More information

Rocks and Plate Tectonics

Name: Class: _ Date: _ Rocks and Plate Tectonics Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What is a naturally occurring, solid mass of mineral or

More information

8-3.1 Summarize the three layers of Earth crust, mantle, and core on the basis of relative position, density, and composition.

Earth s Structure and Processes 8-3 The student will demonstrate an understanding of materials that determine the structure of Earth and the processes that have altered this structure. 8-3.1 Summarize

More information

E-ELT project: Geotechnical investigation at Cerro Armazones.

E-ELT project: Geotechnical investigation at Cerro Armazones. Paolo Ghiretti a, Volker Heinz a, Daniela Pollak b, Jose Lagos b a ESO, Karl Schwarzschild Strasse 2, D85748, Garching bei München, Germany

More information

PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT VIA SIMULATION METHOD (MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY) HASBULLAH BIN MAT ISA

PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT VIA SIMULATION METHOD (MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY) HASBULLAH BIN MAT ISA Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering

More information

Lecture 1 : Introduction [ Section 1.1 : Planning For Subsurface Exploration ]

Lecture 1 : Introduction [ Section 1.1 : Planning For Subsurface Exploration ] Objectives In this section you will learn the following Introduction Objectives of Site Investigation Planning for Subsurface

More information

Earth s Rocky Surface

Earth s Rocky Surface Earth s surface is not permanent and is constantly changing. Some changes take place very slowly over millions of years, such as crustal plates moving and creating mountains or valleys.

More information

lithosphere granite basalt

The Earth s s Crust The Earth s s Crust The earth s crust is the outside layer of the earth. It is thickest at the continents at about 40 Km (up to 70 Km) deep. It is thinnest under the oceans at about

More information

Correlation of Joint Roughness Coefficient (JRC) and Peak Friction Angles of Discontinuities of Malaysian Schists

Correlation of Joint Roughness Coefficient (JRC) and Peak Friction Angles of Discontinuities of Malaysian Schists Abdul Ghani Rafek Geology Programme, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University

More information

Our Changing Landforms. Wind, Water, Ice, and Gravity Form Sand Dunes, Canyons, and Deltas

Our Changing Landforms Wind, Water, Ice, and Gravity Form Sand Dunes, Canyons, and Deltas Landforms Change Over Time Two main ways landforms change are Uplifting is due to changes inside the Earth Uplifting

More information

Rocks & Minerals. 10. Which rock type is most likely to be monomineralic? 1) rock salt 3) basalt 2) rhyolite 4) conglomerate

1. Of the Earth's more than 2,000 identified minerals, only a small number are commonly found in rocks. This fact indicates that most 1) minerals weather before they can be identified 2) minerals have

More information

Unit C: Earth Science Chapter 1: The Changing Earth

Unit C: Earth Science Chapter 1: The Changing Earth Lesson 1: Layers of the Earth 1. Atmosphere is the layer of gases that surrounds the planet 2. Clouds are in this layer 3. Atmosphere contains gases

More information

REGULATIONS FOR THE POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMA IN EARTH SCIENCES (PGDES)

REGULATIONS FOR THE POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMA IN EARTH SCIENCES (PGDES) (See also General Regulations) The Postgraduate Diploma in Earth Sciences is a postgraduate diploma awarded for the satisfactory completion

More information

Theory of Catastrophism - earth s shapes created in great cataclysms

Atmosphere Biosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Lithosphere is the branch of physical geography, shared with the fields of Geomorphology and Tectonics, that specifically examine the landforms, continents

More information

REGULATIONS FOR THE POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMA IN EARTH SCIENCES (PGDES)

REGULATIONS FOR THE POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMA IN EARTH SCIENCES (PGDES) (See also General Regulations) The Postgraduate Diploma in Earth Sciences is a postgraduate diploma awarded for the satisfactory completion

More information

REVIEW Key Concepts. Unit 5 Planet Earth. Earthquakes and Volcanoes can suddenly change the Earth s surface

REVIEW Key Concepts Unit 5 Planet Earth 1.0 Changes on the Earth s Surface Layers: Crust, Mantle, Core (Inner and Outer) Earthquakes and Volcanoes can suddenly change the Earth s surface Scientist s use

More information

Earth s Rocky Surface

Earth s Rocky Surface You have learned that Earth s surface is not permanent and is constantly changing. Some changes take place very slowly over millions of years, such as crustal plates moving and creating

More information

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING II

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING II MODULE I CHAPTER 2 Site investigation and soil exploration SYLLABUS - Module I 2. Site investigation and soil exploration: objectives - planning - reconnaissance - depth and

More information

HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM USING POWER LINE COMMUNICATION DARLENE BINTI MOHAMAD DOUGLAS

HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM USING POWER LINE COMMUNICATION DARLENE BINTI MOHAMAD DOUGLAS A report submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering

More information

STRESS EFFECT STUDY ON 6 DIFFERENT PATTERN OF TYRES FOR SIZE 175/70 R13 SYAHRIL AZEEM ONG BIN HAJI MALIKI ONG. for the award of the degree of

STRESS EFFECT STUDY ON 6 DIFFERENT PATTERN OF TYRES FOR SIZE 175/70 R13 SYAHRIL AZEEM ONG BIN HAJI MALIKI ONG A report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

More information

All sediments have a source or provenance, a place or number of places of origin where they were produced.

Sedimentary Rocks, Processes, and Environments Sediments are loose grains and chemical residues of earth materials, which include things such as rock fragments, mineral grains, part of plants or animals,

More information

MASTER S PROJECT REPORT SUMMARY

MASTER S PROJECT REPORT SUMMARY LEVEL OF SERVICE (LOS) FOR MULTILANE HIGHWAY AND ROAD ACCIDENT INFORMATION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT OF BATU PAHAT AREA (LORIS) Prepared by: Mohd Ezree Bin Abdullah Master of Engineering

More information

Grade 9 Geography - Unit 3 Lesson 9 Soil and Soil Profiling

Grade 9 Geography - Unit 3 Lesson 9 Soil and Soil Profiling Climate helps to create wet- and dry-climate soils. We know there are eight climate zones in Canada including the very dry Prairie and the very

More information

KRITERIA BORANG NYATA CUKAI PENDAPATAN (BNCP) TIDAK LENGKAP CRITERIA ON INCOMPLETE INCOME TAX RETURN FORM (ITRF) PEMBERITAHUAN

KRITERIA BORANG NYATA CUKAI PENDAPATAN (BNCP) TIDAK LENGKAP CRITERIA ON INCOMPLETE INCOME TAX RETURN FORM (ITRF) PEMBERITAHUAN (Pin. 1/2014) MULAI 1 JANUARI 2012, BNCP YANG TIDAK LENGKAP AKAN DIPULANGKAN

More information

Weathering, Erosion, and Soils. Weathering and Erosion. Weathering and Erosion

Weathering, Erosion, and Soils 1 The Grand Canyon, a landscape shaped by weathering and erosion 2 Weathering vs. erosion Types of weathering Physical Chemical Rates of weathering and erosion Climate Rock

More information

Settlement of Shallow Foundations Placed on Limestone Rock Formations with Open or Closed Cavities

Settlement of Shallow Foundations Placed on Limestone Rock Formations with Open or Closed Cavities Ahmed T. M. Farid Geotechnical Institute Housing and Building National Research Center (HBRC) Cairo, Egypt

More information

A STUDY ON MOTIVATION TO START UP A BUSINESS AMONG CHINESE ENTREPRENEURS

A STUDY ON MOTIVATION TO START UP A BUSINESS AMONG CHINESE ENTREPRENEURS A master project submitted to the Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Business Administration,

More information

College of Science and Health ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & GEOGRAPHY Course Outline

College of Science and Health ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & GEOGRAPHY Course Outline 1. TITLE OF COURSE AND COURSE NUMBER: General Geology ENV 115, 4 credits 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE COURSE: Includes the study

More information

WEB-BASED PROPERTY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM SAFURA ADEELA BINTI SUKIMAN

i WEB-BASED PROPERTY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM SAFURA ADEELA BINTI SUKIMAN A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Masters of Science (IT Management) Faculty of Computer

More information

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION OF DECLINE SHAFT PORTALS. R A Puchner Jones & Wagener (Pty) Ltd

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION OF DECLINE SHAFT PORTALS R A Puchner Jones & Wagener (Pty) Ltd The location of a decline shaft portal can have far reaching implications if the geotechnical conditions are not

More information

Plate Tectonics. Structure of the Earth

Billy blanks - ultimate tae bo deluxe edition. Plate Tectonics Structure of the Earth The Earth can be considered as being made up of a series of concentric spheres, each made up of materials that differ in terms of composition and mechanical properties.

More information

Section: The Rock Cycle

Skills Worksheet Chapter 2 section 1 Inside the Restless Earth /29 Section: The Rock Cycle 1. A naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals or organic matter is called a. an element. b. a

More information

DEVELOPING AN ISP FOR HOTEL INDUSTRY: A CASE STUDY ON PUTRA PALACE HOTEL

DEVELOPING AN ISP FOR HOTEL INDUSTRY: A CASE STUDY ON PUTRA PALACE HOTEL A report submitted to the Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree Master of Science (Information

More information

Rock Mechanics I Course CEE9577. Properties of Rocks

Rock Mechanics I Course CEE9577 Properties of Rocks Rock as an Engineering Material Rock as an Engineering Material It differs from other engineering materials in that it contains discontinuities such

More information

Plate Tectonics. An outgrowth of the old theory of 'continental drift,' supported by much data from many areas of geology.

Plate Tectonics Plate Tectonic theory was proposed in late 1960s and early 1970s. It is a unifying theory showing how a large number of diverse, seemingly-unrelated geologic facts are interrelated. An

More information

A STUDY OF SECURITY LIMITATIONS IN VIRTUAL LOCAL AREA NETWORK IMPLEMENTATION

A STUDY OF SECURITY LIMITATIONS IN VIRTUAL LOCAL AREA NETWORK IMPLEMENTATION By ARUMUGAM BALASUNDARAM Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies,, in Fulfillment of the Partial Requirements for

More information

B y R us se ll E ri c Wr ig ht, DV M. M as te r of S ci en ce I n V et er in ar y Me di ca l Sc ie nc es. A pp ro ve d:

E ff ec ts o f El ec tr ic al ly -S ti mu la te d Si lv er -C oa te d Im pl an ts a nd B ac te ri al C on ta mi na ti on i n a Ca ni ne R ad iu s Fr ac tu re G ap M od el B y R us se ll E ri c Wr ig ht,

More information

FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATING PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES FOR COMPUTER GRAPHICS

FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATING PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES FOR COMPUTER GRAPHICS By AKRAM MOHAMMED ZEKI Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in Fulfilment of the Requirements

More information

SWAY REDUCTION ON GANTRY CRANE SYSTEM USING DELAYED FEEDBACK SIGNAL (DFS) NORASHID BIN IDRUS

i SWAY REDUCTION ON GANTRY CRANE SYSTEM USING DELAYED FEEDBACK SIGNAL (DFS) NORASHID BIN IDRUS This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Electronic

More information

Gotechnical Investigations and Sampling

Gotechnical Investigations and Sampling Amit Prashant Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar Short Course on Geotechnical Investigations for Structural Engineering 13 15 November, 2014 1 Purpose of

More information

Hello. Here are the instructions to complete your second blizzard bag lesson: 1. Read the nonfiction text on the rock cycle

Hello Here are the instructions to complete your second blizzard bag lesson: 1. Read the nonfiction text on the rock cycle 2. Watch the two videos listed here (just click on the link): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpge74vltdc

More information

Page 1. Name:

Name: 1) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, which sedimentary rock would be formed by the compaction and cementation of particles 1.5 centimeters in diameter? A) shale B) conglomerate C)

More information

Lab 9: Metamorphic Processes and Rock Identification

Name: Lab 9: Metamorphic Processes and Rock Identification Metamorphism is the change in the form of crustal rocks exposed to heat, pressure, hydrothermal fluids, or a combination of these agents in the

More information

World Beneath Our Feet

World Beneath Our Feet Lesson Plan 2: Rock Identification Learning Objective Time required Learning Outcomes Materials (provided) Materials (Teacher supplied) background Suggested Procedure Students will

More information

Grade 7 Earth/Space Pretest

Grade 7 Earth/Space Pretest Select the best answer to each question. 1. Earth can be divided into layers based on chemical composition. The three compositional layers of Earth are the core, the mantle,

More information

DEVELOP AND DESIGN SHEMATIC DIAGRAM AND MECHANISM ON ONE SEATER DRAG BUGGY MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM B MD NUJID

DEVELOP AND DESIGN SHEMATIC DIAGRAM AND MECHANISM ON ONE SEATER DRAG BUGGY MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM B MD NUJID A report in partial fulfillment of the requirements For award of the Diploma of Mechanical Engineering

More information

Igneous rocks are the most common rocks on Earth 75 percent of the rocks exposed at the surface are sedimentary rocks.

Sedimentary Rocks Igneous rocks are the most common rocks on Earth, but because most of them exist below the surface you might not have seen too many of them. 75 percent of the rocks exposed at the surface

More information

Chapter Review USING KEY TERMS. extrusive igneous rock texture. and positions of the minerals the rock contains. arranged in plates or bands. is.

Skills Worksheet Chapter Review USING KEY TERMS 1. In your own words, write a definition for the term rock cycle. Complete each of the following sentences by choosing the correct term from the word bank.

More information

Geotechnical Engineering Office, Civil Engineering and Development Department The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Issue No. 1 Revision: A Date: 1.7.2004 Page 1 of 8 1. SCOPE 1.1 This Technical Guidance Note (TGN) presents guidelines for recognising site conditions indicating the presence of geological features hosting,

More information

Geology 12 Stanley Park Field Trip Student Worksheet

Stop 1 Prospect Point Lookout NAMES 1) Look across the water to the North Shore. Much of Vancouver s early prosperity came from logging those slopes. Far to the left is Point Atkinson (or Lighthouse Park),

More information

Metamorphic Rocks Transformation at Work

Learning Series: Basic Rockhound Knowledge Metamorphic Rocks Transformation at Work Metamorphic rocks are one of the three types of rock classifications, the other two being igneous and sedimentary. Rocks

More information

Plate Tectonics Review

1. Recent volcanic activity in different parts of the world supports the inference that volcanoes are located mainly in 1) the centers of landscape regions 2) the central regions of the continents 3) zones

More information

Earth Materials: Intro to rocks & Igneous rocks. The three major categories of rocks Fig 3.1 Understanding Earth

Earth Materials: 1 The three major categories of rocks Fig 3.1 Understanding Earth 2 Intro to rocks & Igneous rocks Three main categories of rocks: Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic The most common minerals

More information

What is a rock? How are rocks classified? What does the texture of a rock reveal about how it was formed?

CHAPTER 4 1 The Rock Cycle SECTION Rocks: Mineral Mixtures BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What is a rock? How are rocks classified? What does

More information

BENCHMARKING JKR QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WITH INDUSTRY BEST PRACTICE MUHAMMAD SYUKRI BIN KHASIM UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

BENCHMARKING JKR QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WITH INDUSTRY BEST PRACTICE MUHAMMAD SYUKRI BIN KHASIM UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA i BENCHMARKING JKR QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WITH INDUSTRY BEST PRACTICE

More information

CHAPTER III SITE EXPLORATION

CHAPTER III SITE EXPLORATION Investigational Programs. Field investigations can be divided into two major phases: a surface examination and a subsurface exploration. 1 Surface Examination a. Literature

More information

TABLE OF CONTENTS. SUPERVISOR S DECLARATION ii STUDENT S DECLARATION iii DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v ABSTRACT LIST OF TABLES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this report. A special thanks to our final year project coordinator, Mr. Zamri,

More information

What are the controls for calcium carbonate distribution in marine sediments?

Lecture 14 Marine Sediments (1) The CCD is: (a) the depth at which no carbonate secreting organisms can live (b) the depth at which seawater is supersaturated with respect to calcite (c) the depth at which

More information

STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY CANTON, NEW YORK

STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY CANTON, NEW YORK COURSE OUTLINE CONS 285 Engineering Geology Prepared By: Adrienne C. Rygel, Ph.D. CANINO SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY Department

More information

Earth Science - SOL 5.7 Science Study Guide

Earth Science - SOL 5.7 Science Study Guide Rocks are classified based on how they were formed. The three types of rocks are sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic. Igneous rock forms when magma (liquid

More information

Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth

Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth Presentation modified from: Instructor Resource Center on CD-ROM, Foundations of Earth Science, 4 th Edition, Lutgens/Tarbuck, Rock Cycle Shows the interrelationships

More information

The Ideas of Alfred Wegener. The Scientific Method in Action: Plate Tectonics 8-1

The Scientific Method in Action: Plate Tectonics Early evidence for continental drift: The idea that the continents move is not new. In 1620, shortly after explorers first created maps of the new world,

More information

Chapter 4 Practice Test

Chapter 4 Practice Test Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The process in which water, wind, ice, and heat break down rock is

More information

TRANSFORMATIONAL PROJECT MANAGER: AN ENABLER OF AN ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING (ERP) IMPLEMENTATION SUCCESS JOHN ONYEKACHI OKUGO

i TRANSFORMATIONAL PROJECT MANAGER: AN ENABLER OF AN ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING (ERP) IMPLEMENTATION SUCCESS JOHN ONYEKACHI OKUGO A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

More information

GARIS PANDUAN PENGENDALIAN DIVIDEN SATU PERINGKAT DALAM LEBIHAN AKTUARI YANG DIPINDAHKAN KEPADA DANA PEMEGANG SAHAM

LHDN.01/35/(S)/42/51/84 GARIS PANDUAN PENGENDALIAN DIVIDEN SATU PERINGKAT DALAM LEBIHAN AKTUARI YANG DIPINDAHKAN KEPADA DANA PEMEGANG SAHAM 1. PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Lebihan Aktuari adalah lebihan baki pada akhir

More information

WEATHERING, EROSION, AND DEPOSITION PRACTICE TEST. Which graph best shows the relative stream velocities across the stream from A to B?

NAME DATE WEATHERING, EROSION, AND DEPOSITION PRACTICE TEST 1. The diagram below shows a meandering stream. Measurements of stream velocity were taken along straight line AB. Which graph best shows the

More information

Minerals and Rocks C) D)

Minerals and Rocks Name 1. Base your answer to the following question on the map and cross section below. The shaded areas on the map represent regions of the United States that have evaporite rock layers

More information

How Did These Ocean Features and Continental Margins Form?

298 10.14 INVESTIGATION How Did These Ocean Features and Continental Margins Form? The terrain below contains various features on the seafloor, as well as parts of three continents. Some general observations

More information

metamorphism and metamorphic rocks

metamorphism and metamorphic rocks the rock cycle metamorphism high enough temperature & pressure to change rocks 'but not high enough to melt rocks ' ' changes to rocks occur in the solid-state hot, reactive

More information

continent convection current core one of the main landmasses on Earth, such as Africa, Asia, or North America

continent one of the main landmasses on Earth, such as Africa, Asia, or North America convection current a series of circular motions that occur in substances when heating and cooling happen together core

More information

EARTH SCIENCE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK GRADES K 12 WCCUSD/UCMP EARTH AS A SYSTEM

EARTH AS A SYSTEM K-2 3-5 6-8 How is the Earth part of a larger system? The Earth is part of a bigger system called the Solar System. The Earth is part of the Solar System. The Earth is part of the Solar

More information

Mongolia United Kingdom. 2nd floor, 7/1, Seoul Street, 5th Khoroolol, 2nd Khoroo, Sukhbaatar District, Ulaanbaatar 14250, Mongolia

Industry in a nutshell A geologist is a scientist who studies the solid and liquid matter that constitutes the Earth as well as the processes and history that has shaped it. The study of geology may involve

More information

FROM SEDIMENT INTO SEDIMENTARY ROCK. Objectives. Sediments and Sedimentation

FROM SEDIMENT INTO SEDIMENTARY ROCK Objectives Identify three types of sediments. Explain where and how chemical and biogenic sediments form. Explain three processes that lead to the lithification of sediments.

More information

INTEGRATING CONSUMER TRUST IN BUILDING AN E-COMMERCE WEBSITE NUR ZAILAN BIN OTHMAN

i INTEGRATING CONSUMER TRUST IN BUILDING AN E-COMMERCE WEBSITE NUR ZAILAN BIN OTHMAN A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Science

More information

ES Chapter 10 Review. Name: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Name: Class: Date: ES Chapter 10 Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Scientists used the pattern of alternating normal and reversed

More information

EARTH LAYERS ROCKS. Released SOL Test Questions Sorted by Topic Compiled by SOLpass

Released SOL Test Questions Sorted by Topic Compiled by SOLpass www.solpass.org SOL 5.7 Earth s Constantly Changing Surface The student will investigate and understand how Earth s surface is constantly

More information

Rock Cycle. Metamorphism, Metamorphic Rocks, Hydrothermal Rocks. Metamorphism. Equilibrium. Interrelationships between:

Rock Cycle Equilibrium Interrelationships between: igneous rocks sediment sedimentary rocks metamorphic rocks weathering and erosion Metamorphism, Metamorphic Rocks, Hydrothermal Rocks Metamorphism solid

More information

MODELING OF TRANSPORT PROCESSES FOR AIR POLLUTANTS ENHANCED WITH GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

Geomorfologi Dan Penggunaan Lahan

MODELING OF TRANSPORT PROCESSES FOR AIR POLLUTANTS ENHANCED WITH GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM By BONIFACE CHUKS EKECHUKWU Thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies,, in Fulfillment of the Requirements

More information

to change. Let s look at what happens to rocks that spend some time on the surface.

It s a Rock s Life I m what you would call a mutt-rock. Yep just like your dog I bet a regular Heinz-57 kind of rock. You see I am made of bits and pieces of a lot of different things. Let s see. I have

More information

Continental Drift. Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) Proposed that all of the continents were once part of a large supercontinent - Pangaea Based on:

Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift Continental Drift Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) Proposed that all of the continents were once part of a large supercontinent - Pangaea Based on: Similarities in shorelines

More information

IMPROVING SERVICE REUSABILITY USING ENTERPRISE SERVICE BUS AND BUSINESS PROCESS EXECUTION LANGUAGE AKO ABUBAKR JAAFAR

IMPROVING SERVICE REUSABILITY USING ENTERPRISE SERVICE BUS AND BUSINESS PROCESS EXECUTION LANGUAGE AKO ABUBAKR JAAFAR A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award

More information

CHAPTER 7: ROCKS AND MINERALS. Self-Reflection Survey: Section 7.1, p. 175 Answers will vary

CHAPTER 7: ROCKS AND MINERALS Self-Reflection Survey: Section 7.1, p. 175 Answers will vary Checkpoint 7.1, p. 177 Examine the atomic models below and answer the question that follows. The filled black

More information

NOOR HANIRA BINTI MAHIDIN

A STUDY OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PROCUREMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TO A PROJECT SUCCESS IN MEGA PROJECT CONSTRUCTION IN MALAYSIA: A CASE STUDY OF KUALA LUMPUR INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT 2(KLIA2) NOOR HANIRA BINTI

More information

Liz LaRosa Images from Geology.com unless otherwise noted

Liz LaRosa http://www.middleschoolscience.com 2010 Images from Geology.com unless otherwise noted A rock is a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals, or organic matter Rocks are classified

More information

Liz LaRosa Images from Geology.com unless otherwise noted

Liz LaRosa http://www.middleschoolscience.com 2010 Images from Geology.com unless otherwise noted A rock is a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals, or organic matter Rocks are classified

More information

Buku Pdf Gratis

Rocks and Rock-Forming Processes

Rocks and Rock-Forming Processes 3.4 How are the rock classes related to one another? The Rock Cycle Smith & Pun, Chapter 3 Processes link types Plate tectonics is driving force If we look closely we see

More information

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI MAKLUMAT DAN KOMUNIKASI

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI MAKLUMAT DAN KOMUNIKASI SEMESTER 2 2013/2014 PROJEK SARJANA MUDA 1 (BITU ) BITD REPORT PROJECT TITLE: UTeM SPORT CARNIVAL EVENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PREPARED

More information

THE ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS IN SUSTAINABLE BUILDING PROCESS: A STUDY ON MALAYSIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY SURIANI BINTI MAT NOOR

THE ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS IN SUSTAINABLE BUILDING PROCESS: A STUDY ON MALAYSIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY SURIANI BINTI MAT NOOR Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award

More information

Liz LaRosa Images from Geology.com unless otherwise noted

Liz LaRosa http://www.middleschoolscience.com 2010 Images from Geology.com unless otherwise noted A rock is a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals, or organic matter Rocks are classified

More information

Earth's Interior. Convection and the Mantle Section 2 Summary. Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics

Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Earth's Interior Earth's surface is constantly changing. Earth looks different today from the way it did millions of years ago. People wonder, 'What's inside Earth?' The extreme

More information

Composition. Physical Properties

Composition Physical Properties Summary The Earth is a layered planet The layers represent changes in composition and physical properties The compositional layers are the Crust, Mantle and Core The physical

More information

Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks

Sedimentary rocks: summary in haiku form Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks Earth, Chapter 7 Lithification - glue particles together. Was sand, now sandstone. What is a sedimentary rock? Products of mechanical

More information

Key topics today: How do we know about the Earth s interior structure? Earth s layering: By composition

Solid-earth geology: Plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes Explain shape and structure of the ocean basins Explain cycle of oceanic opening and closing Explain many aspects of basic marine geology

More information

Introduction to Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics

Quizlet Magnetic stripes along the seafloor are evidence for a) Earth s magnetic reversals b) Seafloor spreading c) Convection currents in the mantle d) Magnetite's ability to orient with a magnetic field

More information

EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION SKILLS TRAINING ON MARITAL SATISFACTION AND MENTAL HEALTH AMONG IRANIAN COUPLES

Perpustakaan Online

EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION SKILLS TRAINING ON MARITAL SATISFACTION AND MENTAL HEALTH AMONG IRANIAN COUPLES By MAHIN ASKARI Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti

More information

Rocks: Mineral Mixtures

Rocks: Mineral Mixtures The Value of a Rock Rock is a solid mixture of crystals of one or more minerals, or organic matter. Rocks are classified by how they are formed, their composition, and texture.

More information