Jakarta (/dʒəˈkɑːrtə/; Indonesian pronunciation: [dʒaˈkarta]), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta (Indonesian: Daerah Khusus Ibu Kota Jakarta), is the current capital and largest city of Indonesia. Located on the northwest coast of the world's most populous island, Java, it is the centre of economics, culture and politics of Indonesia, with a population of 10,075,310 as of 2014.^[7][9] Jakarta metropolitan area has an area of 6,392 square kilometers, which is known as Jabodetabek (an acronym of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi). It is the world's second largest urban agglomeration (after Tokyo) with a population of 30,214,303 as of 2010.^[10]Jakarta is predicted to reach 35.6 million people by 2030 to become the world's biggest megacity.^[11] Jakarta's business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago, combining many communities and cultures.^[12]

Established in the 4th century as Sunda Kelapa, the city became an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom. It was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies, when it was known as Batavia. Jakarta is officially a province with special capital region status, but is commonly referred to as a city. The Jakarta provincial government consists of five administrative cities and one administrative regency. Jakarta is nicknamed the Big Durian, the thorny strongly-odored fruit native to the region,^[1] as the city is seen as the Indonesian equivalent of New York (Big Apple).^[13]

Jakarta is an alpha world city^[14] and is the seat of the ASEAN secretariat, making it an important city for international diplomacy.^[15] Important financial institutions such as Bank of Indonesia, Indonesia Stock Exchange, and corporate headquarters of numerous Indonesian companies and multinational corporations are located in the city. As of 2017, the city is home for six Forbes Global 2000, two Fortune 500 and four Unicorn companies .^[16][17][18] In 2017, the city's GRP PPP was estimated at US$483.4 billion.^[19][20] Jakarta has grown more rapidly than Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok and Beijing.^[21]

Jakarta's major challenges include rapid urban growth, ecological breakdown, gridlock traffic and congestion, and flooding.^[22] In addition, Jakarta is sinking up to 17 cm (6.7 inches) per year, which, coupled with the rising of sea levels, has made the city more prone to flooding, and also one of the fastest-sinking capitals in the world.^[23][24][25] Indonesian President, Joko Widodo, has announced a move of Indonesia’s capital, possibly to Kalimantan, the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo.^[26][27]

• 1History
• 2Administration
• 3Geography
• 4Demography
• 5Culture
• 6Economy
• 7Infrastructure
• 8Transport
• 9Cityscape
• 12International relations

History[edit]

Names and etymology[edit]

Jakarta has been home to multiple settlements:

• Sunda Kelapa (397–1527),
• Jayakarta (1527–1619),
• Batavia (1619–1942),
• Djakarta (1942–1945),
• Jakarta (1945–present).

Its current name 'Jakarta' derives from the word Jayakarta (Devanagari: जयकृत) which is ultimately derived from Sanskrit language; जय jaya (victorious)^[28] and कृत krta (accomplished, acquired),^[29] thus Jayakarta translates as 'victorious deed', 'complete act' or 'complete victory' which literally, Jakarta means the 'victorious city'. It was named after troops of Fatahillah successfully defeated and drove away Portuguese invaders from the city in 1527.^[30] Before it was named 'Jayakarta', the city was known as 'Sunda Kelapa'.

In the colonial era, the city was also known as Koningin van het Oosten (Queen of the Orient), initially in the 17th century for the urban beauty of downtown Batavia'scanals, mansions and ordered city layout.^[31] After expanding to the south in the 19th century, this nickname came to be more associated with the suburbs (e.g. Menteng and the area around Merdeka Square), with their wide lanes, green spaces and villas.^[32] During Japanese occupation the city was renamed as Jakarta Tokubetsu Shi (Jakarta Special Municipality).^[33]

Peta Jakarta Timur

Pre-colonial era[edit]

The north coast area of western Java including Jakarta, was the location of prehistoric Buni culture that flourished from 400 BC to 100 AD.^[34] The area in and around modern Jakarta was part of the 4th century Sundanese kingdom of Tarumanagara, one of the oldest Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia.^[35] The area of North Jakarta around Tugu became a populated settlement at least in the early 5th century. The Tugu inscription (probably written around 417 AD) discovered in Batutumbuh hamlet, Tugu village, Koja, North Jakarta, mentions that King Purnawarman of Tarumanagara undertook hydraulic projects; the irrigation and water drainage project of the Chandrabhaga river and the Gomati river near his capital.^[36] Following the decline of Tarumanagara, its territories, including the Jakarta area, became part of the Hindu Kingdom of Sunda. From the 7th to the early 13th century, the port of Sunda was under the Srivijaya maritime empire. According to the Chinese source, Chu-fan-chi, written circa 1225, Chou Ju-kua reported in the early 13th century Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra, the Malay peninsula and western Java (Sunda).^{[citation needed]} The source reports the port of Sunda as strategic and thriving, mentioning pepper from Sunda as among the best in quality. The people worked in agriculture and their houses were built on wooden piles.^[37] The harbour area became known as Sunda Kelapa (Sundanese: ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮊᮜᮕ) and by the 14th century, it was a major trading port for the Sunda kingdom.

The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships from Malacca, arrived in 1513, while looking for a route for spices.^[38] The Sunda Kingdom made an alliance treaty with the Portuguese by allowing them to build a port in 1522 to defend against the rising power of Demak Sultanate from central Java.^[39] In 1527, Fatahillah, a Javanese general from Demak attacked and conquered Sunda Kelapa, driving out the Portuguese. Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta,^[39] and became a fiefdom of the Banten Sultanate, which became a major Southeast Asia trading centre.

Through the relationship with Prince Jayawikarta of Banten Sultanate, Dutch ships arrived in 1596. In 1602, the English East India Company's first voyage, commanded by Sir James Lancaster, arrived in Aceh and sailed on to Banten where they were allowed to build a trading post. This site became the centre of English trade in Indonesia until 1682.^[40] Jayawikarta is thought to have made trading connections with the English merchants, rivals of the Dutch, by allowing them to build houses directly across from the Dutch buildings in 1615.^[41]

Colonial era[edit]

When relations between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch deteriorated, his soldiers attacked the Dutch fortress. His army and the English, however, were defeated by the Dutch, in part owing to the timely arrival of Jan Pieterszoon Coen. The Dutch burned the English fort, and forced them to retreat on their ships. The victory consolidated Dutch power and in 1619 they renamed the city Batavia.

Commercial opportunities in the city attracted native and especially Chinese and Arab immigrants. This sudden population increase created burdens on the city. Tensions grew as the colonial government tried to restrict Chinese migration through deportations. Following a revolt, 5,000 Chinese were massacred by the Dutch and natives on 9 October 1740 and the following year, Chinese inhabitants were moved to Glodok outside the city walls.^[42] At the beginning of the 19th century, around 400 Arabs and Moors lived in Batavia, a number which changed little during the following decades. Among the commodities traded, fabrics, especially imported cotton, batik and clothing worn by Arab communities.^[43]

The city began to expand further south as epidemics in 1835 and 1870 forced residents to move away from the port. The Koningsplein, now Merdeka Square was completed in 1818, the housing park of Menteng was started in 1913^[44] and Kebayoran Baru was the last Dutch-built residential area.^[42] By 1930, Batavia had more than 500,000 inhabitants,^[45] including 37,067 Europeans.^[46] After World War II, the city of Batavia was renamed 'Jakarta' (a short form of Jayakarta) by nationalists, after achieving independence in 1949.^[47]

On 5 March 1942, the Japanese wrested Batavia from Dutch control and the city was named Jakarta (Jakarta Special City (ジャカルタ特別市Jakaruta tokubetsu-shi), in accordance with the special status that was assigned to the city). After the war, the Dutch name Batavia was internationally recognized until full Indonesian independence was achieved on 27 December 1949 and Jakarta was officially proclaimed the national capital of Indonesia.

Independence era[edit]

Following World War II, Indonesian Republicans withdrew from Allied-occupied Jakarta during their fight for independence and established their capital in Yogyakarta. Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August 1945^[48] and the government of Jakarta City was changed into the Jakarta National Administration in the following month.

In 1950, once independence was secured, Jakarta again became the national capital.^[42]Sukarno, envisaging Jakarta as a great international city, instigated large government-funded projects with openly nationalistic and modernist architecture.^[49][50] Projects included a clover-leaf highway, a major boulevard (Jalan MH Thamrin-Sudirman), monuments such as The National Monument, Hotel Indonesia, a shopping centre, and a new parliament building. In October 1965, Jakarta was the site of an abortive coup attempt in which 6 top generals were killed, precipitating a violent anti-communist purge in which half a million people were killed, including many ethnic Chinese,^[51] marking the beginning of Suharto's New Order. A monument stands where the generals' bodies were dumped.

This first government was led by a mayor until the end of 1960, when the office was changed to that of a governor. The last mayor of Jakarta was Soediro, until he was replaced by Soemarno Sosroatmodjo as governor. Based on Act No. 5 of 1974 relating to the Fundamentals of Regional Government, Jakarta was confirmed as the capital of Indonesia and one of Indonesia's then 26 provinces.^[52]

In 1966, Jakarta was declared a 'special capital region' (Daerah Khusus Ibukota), with status equivalent to that of a province.^[53] Lieutenant General Ali Sadikin served as governor from the mid-1960s commencement of the 'New Order' until 1977; he rehabilitated roads and bridges, encouraged the arts, built hospitals and a large number of schools. He cleared out slum dwellers for new development projects—some for the benefit of the Suharto family^[54][55]—and tried to eliminate rickshaws and ban street vendors. He began control of migration to the city to stem overcrowding and poverty.^[56] Foreign investment contributed to a real estate boom that transformed the face of the city.^[57]

The boom ended with the 1997 Asian financial crisis, putting Jakarta at the centre of violence, protest and political manoeuvring. After 32 years in power, support for President Suharto began to wane. Tensions reached a peak when 4 students were shot dead at Trisakti University by security forces; four days of riots and violence ensued that killed an estimated 1,200, and destroyed or damaged 6,000 buildings, forcing Suharto to resign.^[58] Much of the rioting targeted Chinese Indonesians.^[59] Jakarta has remained the focal point of democratic change in Indonesia.^[60]Jemaah Islamiah-connected bombings occurred almost annually in the city between 2000 and 2005,^[42] with another bombing in 2009.^[61]

In August 2007, Jakarta held its first ever election to choose a governor as part of a nationwide decentralisation program that allows direct local elections in several areas.^[62] Previously, governors were elected by the members of Jakarta Council (DPRD).

Administration[edit]

Government and politics[edit]

Jakarta is administratively equal to a province with special status. The executive branch is headed by an elected governor and a deputy governor, while DPRD is the legislative branch with 106 directly elected members. Executive governance consists of five administrative cities/Kota Administratif, each headed by a mayor—and one administrative regency/Kabupaten Administratif headed by a regent/Bupati. Unlike other cities and regencies in Indonesia where the mayor or regent are directly elected, Jakarta's mayors and regent are chosen by the governor of Jakarta. Each city and regency is divided into administrative districts.

Aside from representatives to the Regional Representative Council, Jakarta sent 21 members to the People's Representative Council. The representatives are elected from Jakarta's 3 national electoral districts, which also includes overseas voters.^[63] Jakarta Smart City (JSC) program was launched on December 14, 2014 with a goal for smart governance, smart people, smart mobility, smart economy, smart living and a smart environment in the city using web and various smartphone based app.^[64]

Polda Metro Jaya maintains the law, security and order of Jakarta. It is led by a Regional Chief of police Kapolda, who holds the rank of Inspector General of Police.

Municipal finances[edit]

The Jakarta provincial government relies on transfers from the central government for the bulk of its income. Local (non-central government) sources of revenue are incomes from various taxes such as vehicle ownership and vehicle transfer fees among others.^[65] The ability of the regional government to respond to Jakarta's many problems is constrained by limited finances. In 2013, the budget was around Rp 50 trillion (about $US 5.2 billion), equivalent to around $US 380 per citizen. Spending priorities were education, transport, flood control, environment and social spending (such as health and housing).^[66]

The provincial government consistently runs a surplus of between 15–20% of planned spending, largely because of delays in procurement and other inefficiencies.^[67] Regular underspending is a matter of public comment.^[68]

Administrative divisions[edit]

Jakarta consists of five Kota Administratif (Administrative cities/municipalities), each headed by a mayor, and one Kabupaten Administratif (Administrative regency). Each city and regency is divided into districts/Kecamatan. The administrative cities/municipalities of Jakarta are:

• Central Jakarta (Jakarta Pusat) is Jakarta's smallest city and the administrative and political centre. It is divided into 8 districts. It is characterised by large parks and Dutch colonial buildings. Landmarks include the National Monument (Monas), Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta Cathedral and museums.^[69]
• West Jakarta (Jakarta Barat) has the city's highest concentration of small-scale industries. This city has 8 districts. The area includes Jakarta's Chinatown and Dutch colonial landmarks such as the Chinese Langgam building and Toko Merah. It contains part of Jakarta Old Town.^[70]
• South Jakarta (Jakarta Selatan), originally planned as a satellite city, is now the location of upscale shopping centres and affluent residential areas. It has 10 districts and functions as Jakarta's groundwater buffer,^[71] but recently the green belt areas are threatened by new developments. Much of the central business district is concentrated in Setiabudi, South Jakarta, bordering the Tanah Abang/Sudirman area of Central Jakarta.
• East Jakarta (Jakarta Timur) territory is characterised by several industrial sectors.^[72] Also located in East Jakarta are Taman Mini Indonesia Indah and Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport. This city has 10 districts.
• North Jakarta (Jakarta Utara) is bounded by the Java Sea. It is the location of Port of Tanjung Priok. Large- and medium-scale industries are concentrated there. It contains part of Jakarta Old Town and was the centre of VOC trade activity during the colonial era. Also located in North Jakarta is Ancol Dreamland (Taman Impian Jaya Ancol), the largest integrated tourism area in South East Asia.^[73] North Jakarta is divided into 6 districts.

The only administrative regency (kabupaten) of Jakarta is Thousand Islands (Kepulauan Seribu), formerly a district within North Jakarta. It is a collection of 105 small islands located on the Java Sea. It has of high conservation value because of its special ecosystems. Marine tourism, such as diving, water bicycling, and wind surfing, are the primary tourist activities in this territory. The main mode of transportation between the islands are speed boats or small ferries.^[74]

Geography[edit]

Jakarta covers 699.5 square kilometres (270.1 sq mi) the smallest among Indonesian provinces. Greater Jakarta metropolitan area has an area of 6,392 square kilometers, which extends into two of the bordering provinces of West Java and Banten.^[76] The Greater Jakarta area includes 3 bordering regencies (Bekasi Regency, Tangerang Regency and Bogor Regency) and five adjacent cities (Bogor, Depok, Bekasi, Tangerang and South Tangerang).

Topography[edit]

Jakarta is situated on the northwest coast of Java, at the mouth of the Ciliwung River on Jakarta Bay, an inlet of the Java Sea. The northern part of Jakarta is plain land, some areas of which are below sea level^[77] and subject to frequent flooding. The southern parts of the city are hilly. It is one of only two Asian capital cities located in the southern hemisphere (along with East Timor's Dili). Officially, the area of the Jakarta Special District is 662 km² (256 sq mi) of land area and 6,977 km² (2,694 sq mi) of sea area.^[78] The Thousand Islands, which are administratively a part of Jakarta, are located in Jakarta Bay, north of the city.

Jakarta lies in a low and flat alluvial plain, ranging from −2 to 50 metres (−7 to 164 ft) with an average elevation of 8 metres (26 ft) above sea level with historically extensive swampy areas. 13 rivers flow through Jakarta. They are:^[79]Ciliwung River, Kalibaru, Pesanggrahan, Cipinang, Angke River, Maja,^[80] Mookervart, Krukut, Buaran, West Tarum, Cakung, Petukangan, Sunter River and Grogol River. These rivers flow from the Puncak highlands to the south of the city, then across the city northwards towards the Java Sea. The Ciliwung River divides the city into the western and eastern districts.

These rivers, combined with the wet season rains and insufficient drainage due to clogging, make Jakarta prone to flooding. Moreover, Jakarta is sinking about 5 to 10 centimetres (2.0 to 3.9 inches) each year, and up to 20 centimetres (7.9 inches) in the northern coastal areas. To help cope with the threat from the sea, after feasibility study a ring dike is under construction around Jakarta Bay. The dike would be equipped with a pumping system and retention areas to defend against seawater and function as a toll road. The project known as Giant Sea Wall Jakarta is expected to be completed by 2025.^[81] In January 2014, Central Government agreed to build 2 dams in Ciawi, Bogor and a 1.2-kilometre (0.75-mile) tunnel from Ciliwung River to Cisadane River to ease Jakarta floods. Construction costs will be paid for by the central government, but land acquisitions are the responsibility of the Jakarta Authority.^[82] Nowadays, an 1.2-kilometre (0.75-mile), with capacity 60 cubic metres (2,100 cubic feet) per second, underground water tunnel between Ciliwung River and the East Flood Canal is being worked on to ease the Ciliwung River overflows.^[83]

Climate[edit]

Jakarta has a tropical monsoon climate (Am) according to the Köppen climate classification system. The wet season in Jakarta covers the majority of the year, running from October through May. The remaining four months (June through September) constitute the city's drier season (each of these 4 months has an average monthly rainfall of less than 100 millimetres (3.9 in)). Located in the western part of Java, Jakarta's wet season rainfall peaks in January and February with average monthly rainfall of 299.7 millimetres (11.80 in), and its dry season low point is in August with a monthly average of 43.2 mm (1.70 in).

Parks and lakes[edit]

In June 2011, Jakarta had only 10.5% green open spaces (Ruang Terbuka Hijau) although this grew to 13.94%. Public parks are included in public green open spaces.^[87] As of 2014, 183 water reservoirs and lakes supported the greater Jakarta area.^[88]

• Merdeka Square (Medan Merdeka) is an almost 1 km² field housing the symbol of Jakarta, Monas or Monumen Nasional (National Monument). Until 2000 it was the world's largest city square. The square was created by Dutch Governor-General Herman Willem Daendels (1810) and was originally named Koningsplein (King's Square). On 10 January 1993, President Soeharto started the beautification of the square. Features including a deer park and 33 trees that represent the 33 provinces of Indonesia were added.^[89]
• Lapangan Banteng (Buffalo Field) is located in Central Jakarta near Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta Cathedral, and Jakarta Central Post Office. It covers about 4.5 hectares. Initially it was called Waterlooplein and functioned as the ceremonial square during the colonial period. Colonial monuments and memorials erected on the square during the colonial period were demolished during the Sukarno era. The most notable monument in the square is the Monumen Pembebasan Irian Barat (Monument of the Liberation of West Irian). During the 1970s and 1980s the park was used as a bus terminal. In 1993 the park was turned into a public space again. It became a recreation place for people and serves as an exhibition place or for other events.^[90] 'Jakarta Flona' (Flora dan Fauna), a flower and decoration plants and pet exhibition, is held in this park around August annually.

• Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (Miniature Park of Indonesia), in East Jakarta, has 10 mini parks.
• Suropati Park is located in Menteng, Central Jakarta. The park is surrounded by Dutch colonial buildings. Taman Suropati was known as Burgemeester Bisschopplein during the colonial time. The park is circular shaped with a surface area of 16,322 square metres (175,690 square feet). Several modern statues were made for the park by artists of ASEAN countries, which contributes to its nickname Taman persahabatan seniman ASEAN ('Park of the ASEAN artists friendship').^[91]
• Menteng Park was built on the site of the former Persija football stadium. Situ Lembang Park is also located nearby, which has a lake at the center.
• Kalijodo Park is the newest park, in Penjaringan subdistrict, with 3.4 hectares (8.4 acres) beside the Krendang River. It formally opened on 22 February 2017. The park is open 24 hours as a green open space (RTH) and child-friendly integrated public space (RPTRA) and has international-standard skateboard facilities.^[92]
• Muara Angke Wildlife Sanctuary and Angke Kapuk Nature Tourism Park at Penjaringan in North Jakarta.^[93]
• Ragunan Zoo is located in Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta. It is the world's third oldest zoo and is the second largest with the most diverse animal and plant populations.^[94]
• Setu Babakan is a 32 hectare lake surrounded by Betawi cultural village, located at Jagakarsa, South Jakarta.^[95] Dadap Merah Park is also located in this area.
• Ancol Dreamland is the largest integrated tourism area in South East Asia. It is located along the bay, at Ancol in North Jakarta.
• Taman Waduk Pluit/Pluit Lake park and Putra Putri Park at Pluit, North Jakarta.^[96]
• Tebet Honda Park, Puring Park, Mataram Park, Taman Langsat and Taman Ayodya in South Jakarta^[97][98]

Demography[edit]

Population[edit]

Jakarta attracts people from across Indonesia, often in search of employment. The 1961 census showed that 51% of the city's population was born in Jakarta.^[99] Inwards immigration tended to negate the effect of family planning programs.^[52]

Between 1961 and 1980, the population of Jakarta doubled and during the period 1980–1990, the city's population grew annually by 3.7%.^[100] The 2010 census counted some 9.58 million people, well above government estimates.^[101] The population rose from 4.5 million in 1970 to 9.5 million in 2010, counting only legal residents, while the population of Greater Jakarta rose from 8.2 million in 1970 to 28.5 million in 2010. As per 2014, the population of Jakarta stood at 10,075,310 people.^[102] with a population density of 15,174 people/km².^[103][104] As per 2014, the population of Greater Jakarta was 30,326,103, accounting for 11% of Indonesia's overall population.^[105] The gender ratio was 102.8 (males per 100 females) in 2010^[106] and 101.3 in 2014.^[107]

Ethnicity and language[edit]

Jakarta is a pluralistic and religiously diverse city. As of 2000, 35.16% of the city's population are Javanese, 27.65% Betawi, 15.27% Sundanese, 5.53% Chinese, 3.61% Batak, 3.18% Minangkabau and 1.62% Malays.^[108] And as of 2010 Census, 36.17% of the city's population are Javanese, 28.29% Betawi, 14.61% Sundanese, 6.62% Chinese, 3.42% Batak, 2.85% Minangkabau, 0.96% Malays, Indo and others 7.08%.

The 'Betawi' (Orang Betawi, or 'people of Batavia') are the descendants of the people living in and around Batavia, and became recognised as an ethnic group around the 18th–19th century. The Betawi people are mostly descended from Southeast-Asian ethnic groups brought or attracted to Batavia to meet labour needs.^[109][110] Betawi people are a creole ethnic group who came from various parts of Indonesia and intermarried with Chinese, Arabs and Europeans.^[111] Betawi form a minority in the city; most live in the fringe areas of Jakarta with hardly any Betawi-dominated areas in central Jakarta.^[112]

A significant Chinese community has lived in Jakarta for many centuries. Chinese in Jakarta traditionally reside around old urban areas, such as Pinangsia, Pluit and Glodok (Jakarta Chinatown) areas. They also can be found in the old Chinatowns of Senen and Jatinegara. Officially, they make up 5.53% of the Jakarta population, although this number may be under-reported.^[113]

The Sumatran residents are diverse. According to 2010 Census, roughly 346,000 Batak, 305,000 Minangkabau and 155,000 Malays lived there. The Batak and Minangkabau are spread throughout the city. The Batak ethnic group has increased in ranking, from eighth in 1930 to fifth in 2000. Toba Batak is the largest sub-ethnic Batak group in Jakarta.^[114] Minangkabau people work as merchants, peddlers, and artisans, with more in white collar professions: doctors, teachers and journalists.^[115][116]

Indonesian is the official and dominant language of Jakarta. English is the second language, while many elderly people speak Dutch and Portuguese. Each of the ethnic groups use their mother language at home, such as Betawi language, Javanese, Sundanese, Malay, Madurese, Batak, Minangkabau, Chinese, Arabic, and Tamil. Betawi language is distinct from those of the Sundanese or Javanese, forming itself as a language island in the surrounding area. The language is mostly based on the East Malay dialect and enriched by loan words from Dutch, Portuguese, Sundanese, Javanese, Minangkabau, Chinese, and Arabic.

Religion[edit]

In 2017, Jakarta's religious composition is distributed over Islam (83.43%), Protestantism (8.63%), Catholicism (4.0%), Buddhism (3.74%), Hinduism (0.19%), and Confucianism (0.01%). Folk religion is claimed for 231 people.^[117]

Most pesantren (Islamic boarding schools) in Jakarta are affiliated with the traditionalist Nahdlatul Ulama,^[118] modernist organisations mostly catering to a socioeconomic class of educated urban elites and merchant traders. They give priority to education, social welfare programs and religious propagation.^[119] Many Islamic organisations have headquarters in Jakarta, including Nahdlatul Ulama, Indonesian Ulema Council, Muhammadiyah, Jaringan Islam Liberal, and Front Pembela Islam.

Roman Catholics have a Metropolitan see, the Archdiocese of Jakarta, which includes West Java as part of the ecclesiastical province. A Bahá'í community is there.^[120]

Culture[edit]

Rather than a single, dominant culture, Jakarta's many languages and ethnic groups, support differences in regard to religion, traditions and linguistics.

Arts and festivals[edit]

The Betawi culture is distinct from those of the Sundanese or Javanese, forming a language island in the surrounding area. Betawi arts have a low profile in Jakarta, and most Betawi have moved to the suburbs, displaced by new migrants. It is easier to find Java or Minang-based wedding ceremonies rather than Betawi weddings in Jakarta. It is easier to find Javanese Gamelan instead of Tanjidor (a mixture between Betawi and Portuguese music), Marawis (a mixture between Betawi and Yemeni music) or Gambang Kromong (a mixture between Betawi and Chinese music). The Chinese influenced Betawi culture, reflected in the popularity of Chinese cakes and sweets, firecrackers and Betawi wedding attire that demonstrates Chinese and Arab influences.

Some festivals such as the Jalan Jaksa Festival or Kemang Festival include efforts to preserve Betawi arts by inviting artists to give performances.^[121] Jakarta has several performing art centres, such as the classical concert hall Aula Simfonia Jakarta in Kemayoran, Taman Ismail Marzuki (TIM) art centre in Cikini, Gedung Kesenian Jakarta near Pasar Baru, Balai Sarbini in the Plaza Semanggi area, Bentara Budaya Jakarta in Palmerah area, Pasar Seni (Art Market) in Ancol, and traditional Indonesian art performances at the pavilions of some provinces in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah. Traditional music is often found at high-class hotels, including Wayang and Gamelan performances. Javanese Wayang Orang performances can be found at Wayang Orang Bharata theatre.

Arts and culture festivals, and exhibitions includie the annual Jakarta International Film Festival (JiFFest), Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival, Djakarta Warehouse Project, Jakarta Fashion Week, Jakarta Fashion & Food Festival (JFFF), Jakarta Fair, Indonesia Creative Products and Jakarta Arts and Crafts exhibition. Flona Jakarta is a flora-and-fauna exhibition, held annually in August at Lapangan Banteng Park, featuring flowers, plant nurseries, and pets. Jakarta Fair is held annually from mid-June to mid-July to celebrate the anniversary of the city and is largely centred around a trade fair. However, this month-long fair also features entertainment, including arts and music performances by local musicians. Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival (JJF) is one of the largest jazz festivals in the world and arguably the biggest in the Southern hemisphere, which is held annually in March.

Several foreign art and culture centres are established in Jakarta, and mainly serve to promote culture and language through learning centres, libraries and art galleries. Among these foreign art and cultural centres are China Confucius Institute, Netherlands Erasmus Huis, UK British Council, France Alliance Française, Germany Goethe-Institut, Japan Foundation, and India Jawaharlal Nehru Indian Cultural Center.

• Ondel-Ondel, often used as a symbol of Betawi culture

• Chinese paifang in Mangga Dua, Central Jakarta

• The Golden Snail IMAX theatre at Taman Mini Indonesia Indah

Cuisine[edit]

All varieties of Indonesian cuisine have a presence in Jakarta. The local cuisine is Betawi cuisine, which reflects various foreign culinary traditions. Betawi cuisine is heavily influenced by Malay-Chinese Peranakan cuisine, Sundanese and Javanese cuisine, which is also influenced by Indian, Arabic and European cuisines. One of the most popular local dishes of Betwai cuisine is SotoBetawi which is prepared from chunks of beef and offal in rich and spicy cow's milk or coconut milk broth. Other popular Betawi dishes include soto kaki, nasi uduk, kerak telor (spicy omelette), nasi ulam, asinan, ketoprak, rujak and gado-gado Betawi (salad in peanut sauce).

Jakarta cuisine can be found in modest street-side warung foodstalls and kaki lima (five legs) travelling vendors to high-end fine dining restaurants.^[122] Live music venues and exclusive restaurants are abundant.^[123] Many traditional foods from far-flung regions in Indonesia can be found in Jakarta. For example, traditional Padang restaurants and low-budget Warteg (Warung Tegal) foodstalls are ubiquitous in the capital. Other popular street foods include nasi goreng (fried rice), sate (skewered meats), pecel lele (fried catfish), bakso (meatballs), bakpau (Chinese bun) and siomay (fish dumplings).

Jalan Sabang,^[124][125] Jalan Sidoarjo, Jalan Kendal at Menteng area, Kota Tua, Blok S, Blok M,^[126]Jalan Tebet^[127] are all popular destinations for street-food lovers. Menteng, Kemang,^[128]Jalan Senopati,^[129]Kuningan, Senayan and Pantai Indah Kapuk,^[130]Kelapa Gading areas have trendy restaurants, cafe and bars. Chinese street-food is plentiful at Jalan Pangeran, Manga Besar and Petak Sembilan in the old Jakarta area, while Little Tokyo area of Blok M has many Japanese style restaurants and bars.^[131]Lenggang Jakarta is a food court, accommodating small traders and street vendors.,^[132] where Indonesian food's are available within a single compound. At present there are two such food courts, located at Monas and Kemayoran.^[133]

Global fast-food chain like McDonald's, KFC, Burger King, A&W, Fatburger, Johnny Rockets, Starbucks, Dunkin' Donuts are present, along with local brands like J'CO, Es Teler 77, Kebab Turki, and CFC or Japanese HokBen.^[134] Foreign cuisines such as Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Indian, American, French, Mediterranean cuisine's like Turkish, Italian, Middle-Eastern cuisine, and modern fusion food can all be found in Jakarta.

Museums[edit]

Jakarta hosts 142 museums,^[135] clustered around the Central Jakarta's Merdeka Square area, Jakarta Old Town and Taman Mini Indonesia Indah.

Old Town contains museums in former institutional buildings of colonial Batavia, including Jakarta History Museum (former City Hall of Batavia), Wayang Museum (Puppet Museum) (former Church of Batavia), the Fine Art and Ceramic Museum (former Court House of Justice of Batavia), the Maritime Museum (former Sunda Kelapa warehouse), Bank Indonesia Museum (former Javasche Bank) and Bank Mandiri Museum (former Nederlandsche Handels Maatschappij).

Museums clustered in central Jakarta around the Merdeka Square area include: National Museum of Indonesia which also known as Gedung Gajah (the Elephant Building), National Gallery of Indonesia, National History Museum at National Monument, Istiqlal Islamic Museum in Istiqlal Mosque and Jakarta Cathedral Museum on the second floor of Jakarta Cathedral. Also in central is the Taman Prasasti Museum (former cemetery of Batavia), and Textile Museum in Tanah Abang area. Museum MACAN is an art museum of modern and contemporary Indonesian and international art located at west Jakarta.^[136]

The recreational area of Taman Mini Indonesia Indah in East Jakarta contains fourteen museums, such as Indonesia Museum, Purna Bhakti Pertiwi Museum, Asmat Museum, Bayt al-Qur'an Islamic Museum, Pusaka (heirloom) Museum, and other science-based museum such as Research & Technology Information Centre, Komodo Indonesian Fauna Museum, Insect Museum, Petrol and Gas Museum, plus the Transportation Museum.

Other museums are Satria Mandala Military Museum, Museum Sumpah Pemuda, and Lubang Buaya (Crocodile Well).

Media[edit]

Jakarta has numerous newspapers, television and radio stations. Daily newspapers include Kompas, Koran Tempo, Media Indonesia, Republika, Suara Pembaruan, Seputar Indonesia, Suara Karya, Sinar Harapan, Indo Pos, Jurnal Nasional, and Harian Pelita. English language newspapers are also published daily, for example The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe. Chinese language newspapers are Indonesia Shang Bao (印尼商报), Harian Indonesia (印尼星洲日报), and Guo Ji Ri Bao (国际日报). The only Japanese language newspaper is The Daily Jakarta Shimbun (じゃかるた新聞). Jakarta has also the daily newspapers segment such as Pos Kota, Warta Kota, Koran Jakarta, Berita Kota for local readers; Bisnis Indonesia, Investor Daily, Kontan, Harian Neraca (business news) as well as Top Skor and Soccer (sport news).

Jakarta is the headquarters for Indonesia's state media, TVRI as well as private national television networks: Metro TV, tvOne, Kompas TV, Trans TV, Trans 7, RCTI, MNC, SCTV, GTV, Indosiar, ANTV, RTV and NET. Jakarta has local television channels such as Jak TV, O Channel, Elshinta TV, and DAAI TV Indonesia. The city is home to the country's main pay television service. Cable channels available includes First Media and TelkomVision. Satellite television (DTH) has yet to gain mass acceptance in Jakarta. Prominent DTH entertainment services are Indovision, Okevision, Yes TV, Transvision, and Aora TV. Many TV stations are analogue PAL, but some are now converting to digital signals using DVB-T2 following a government plan to digital television migration.^[137]

Seventy five radio stations broadcast in Jakarta, fifty two on the FM band, and twenty-three on the AM band.

Economy[edit]

Indonesia is the largest economy of ASEAN and Jakarta is the economic nerve centre of the Indonesian archipelago. The city generated about one-sixth of Indonesian GDP in 2008.^[138] Jakarta's nominal GDP was US$483.8 billion in 2016, which is about 17.5% of Indonesia's.^[139] According to Japan Center for Economic ResearchGRP per capita of Jakarta will be ranked at 28th place among the 77 cities in 2030 from 41st place in 2015, the largest in Southeast Asia.^[140]

Jakarta's economy depends highly on manufacturing and service sectors such as banking, trading and financial. Industries include electronics, automotive, chemicals, mechanical engineering and biomedical sciences. The head office of Bank Indonesia and Indonesia Stock Exchange located in the city. Most of the SOE including Pertamina, PLN, PGN, Angkasa Pura, BULOG, Telkomsel, Waskita operate head offices in the city. Major Indonesian conglomerates maintain head offices there such as, Salim Group, Sinar Mas Group, Astra International, Lippo Group, Bakrie Group, Ciputra Group, Unilever Indonesia, Djarum, Gudang Garam, Kompas-Gramedia, Lion Air, MedcoEnergi, MNC Group, CT Corp, Kalbe Farma and Emtek Group.

As of 2018, Jakarta contributes about 17 percent of Indonesia's GRDP (Gross Regional Domestic Product).^[141] Economic growth was 6.22 percent and 5.02 percent in 2017 and 2016 respectively.^[142] Throughout 2017, total value of investment was Rp 108.6 trillion, about US$8 billion, an increase of 84.7 percent from the same period in 2016.^[143] In 2014, per capita GDP was Rp 174.87 million or US$14,727. In 2015, GDP per capita was estimated Rp 194.87 million or US$14,570.^[144] The largest contributions to GRDP were by finance, ownership and business services (29%); trade, hotel and restaurant sector (20%), and manufacturing industry sector (16%).^[52] In 2007, the increase in per capita GRDP of Jakarta inhabitants was 11.6% compared to the previous year^[52] Both GRDP by at current market price and GRDP by at 2000 constant price in 2007 for the Municipality of Central Jakarta, which was Rp 146 million and Rp 81 million, was higher than other municipalities in Jakarta.^[52]

The Wealth Report 2015 by Knight Frank reported that 24 individuals in Indonesia in 2014 had wealth at least US$1 billion and 18 live in Jakarta.^[145] The cost of living continues to rise. Both land price and rents have become expensive. Mercer's 2017 Cost of Living Survey ranked Jakarta as 88th costliest city in the world for expatriates.^[146] Industrial development and the construction of new housing thrive on the outskirts, while commerce and banking remain concentrated in the city centre.^[147] Jakarta has a bustling luxury property market. Knight Frank, a global real estate consultancy based in London, reported in 2014 that Jakarta offered the highest return on high-end property investment in the world in 2013, citing a supply shortage and a sharply depreciated currency as reasons.^[148]

Shopping[edit]

Jakarta has numerous shopping malls and markets. With a total of 550 hectares, Jakarta has the world's largest shopping mall floor area within a single city.^[149][150] The annual Jakarta Great Sale Festival is held every year in June and July to celebrate Jakarta's anniversary, with about 83 participating shopping malls in 2018.^[151] Malls include Plaza Indonesia, Grand Indonesia Shopping Town, Plaza Senayan, Senayan City and Pacific Place, Mall Taman Anggrek, Pondok Indah Mall, Mal Kelapa Gading, Central Park Jakarta, Lotte Shopping Avenue, Gandaria City, Kota Kasablanka, Kemang Village, Lippo Mall Puri and Bay Walk Mall.^[152]

Most of the world renowned fashion retail brands have presence in Jakarta. Department stores in Senayan City, and Lippo Mall Kemang Village use the Debenhams brand under licence,^[153] while the Japanese Sogo department store has about seven stores.^[154]Seibu flagship store is located in Grand Indonesia Shopping Town, and French luxury department store, Galeries Lafayette opened its doors for the first time in South East Asia at Pacific Place. The Satrio-Casablanca corridor, 3.5-kilometre street is a new shopping belt in Jakarta.^[155] Many multistorey shopping centres are located there, such as Kuningan City, Mal Ambassador, Kota Kasablanka, and Lotte Shopping Avenue.

Traditional markets include Blok M, Tanah Abang, Senen, Pasar Baru, Glodok, Mangga Dua, Cempaka Mas, and Jatinegara. Special markets sell antique goods at Surabaya Street and gemstones in Rawabening Market.^[156]

Tourism[edit]

Jakarta has been named the most popular location as per tag stories^[157] and ranked 8th most posted among the cities in the world in 2017 on image sharing site Instagram.^[158] The city is not a top international tourist destination, although it ranked as the fifth fastest growing destination among 132 cities according to MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index published in September, 2017. 59.1% of visitors came for business, while the other 40.9% were visiting for leisure.^[159] According to Euromonitor International's latest Top 100 City Destinations Ranking, Jakarta ranked at 83 with more than 3.5 million international tourists visited in a year, 48.5% higher in comparison to the previous year.^[160] In 2017 World Travel and Tourism Council's list Jakarta was among the top 10 fastest growing tourism cities in the world.^[161]

Most of the visitors attracted to Jakarta are domestic tourists. As the gateway of Indonesia, Jakarta often serves as a stop-over for foreign visitors on their way to other Indonesian tourist destinations such as Bali, Lombok, Komodo Island and Yogyakarta. Jakarta is trying to attract more international tourist by MICE tourism, by arranging increasing numbers of conventions.^[162][163] In 2012, the tourism sector contributed 2.6 trillion rupiah (US$268.5 million) to the city's total direct income of 17.83 trillion rupiah (US$1.45 billion), a 17.9% increase from the previous year 2011.

The popular heritage tourism attractions are in Kota^[164] and around Merdeka square. Kota is the centre of old Jakarta, with its Maritime Museum, Kota Intan drawbridge, Gereja Sion, Wayang Museum, Stadhuis Batavia, Fine Art and Ceramic Museum, Toko Merah, Bank Indonesia Museum, Bank Mandiri Museum, Jakarta Kota Station, and Glodok (Chinatown).^[165]Kota Tua was named the most-visited destination in Indonesia in 2017 by image-sharing platform Instagram.^[166] In the old ports of Sunda Kelapa, the tall masted pinisi ships are still anchored. The Jakarta Cathedral with neo-gothic architecture in Central Jakarta also attracts architecture enthusiasts.

Other tourist attractions include Thousand Islands, Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Setu Babakan, Ragunan Zoo, Sunda Kelapa old port and the Ancol Dreamland complex on Jakarta Bay, which houses Dunia Fantasi (Fantasy World) theme park, Sea World, Atlantis Water Adventure, and Gelanggang Samudra. Thousand Islands, which is north to the coast of the city and in Java Sea is also a popular tourist destination.

Most international hotel chains have presence in the city. Jalan Jaksa and surrounding area is popular among backpackers for cheaper accommodation, travel agencies, second-hand bookstores, money changers, laundries and pubs.^[167]PIK is a relatively new suburb for hangout,^[168] while Kemang is a favorite suburb for expats.

Infrastructure[edit]

Water supply[edit]

Two private companies, PALYJA and Aetra, provide piped water in the western and eastern half of Jakarta respectively under 25-year concession contracts signed in 1998. A public asset holding company called PAM Jaya owns the infrastructure. 80% of the water distributed in Jakarta comes through the West Tarum Canal system from Jatiluhur reservoir on the Citarum River 70 km (43 mi) southeast of the city. Water supply was privatised by President Suharto in 1998 to the French company Suez Environnement and the British company Thames Water International. Both companies subsequently sold their concessions to Indonesian companies. Customer growth in the 7 first years of the concessions had been lower than before, possibly because of substantial inflation-adjusted tariff increases during this period. In 2005 tariffs were frozen, leading the private water companies to cut down on investments.

According to PALYJA in its western half of the concession the service coverage ratio increased substantially from 34% in 1998 to 59% in 2007 and 65% in 2010.^[169] According to data by the Jakarta Water Supply Regulatory Body, access in the eastern half of the city served by PTJ increased from about 57% in 1998 to about 67% in 2004, but stagnated after that.^[170] However, other sources cite much lower access figures for piped water supply to houses, excluding access provided through public hydrants: one study estimated access as low as 25% in 2005,^[171] while another source estimates it to be as low as 18.5% in 2011.^[172] Those without access to piped water get water mostly from wells that are often salty and unsanitary. As of 2017, according to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Jakarta had a crisis over clean water.^[173]

Healthcare[edit]

Peta Jakarta Lengkap

Indonesia's healthcare system is among the best in Southeast Asia together with neighbouring countries, such as Singapore, Malaysia or Thailand, the capital Jakarta does have many of the country's best-equipped private and public facilities. In January 2014, the Indonesian government launched Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN), universal health care in Indonesia. This scheme is the world's largest insurance system today that covers around 250 million people.^[174] It is expected that the entire population will be covered in 2019.^{[175][176][177]}

Hospitals are of a good standard; however, they are often overcrowded. Government-run specialized hospitals include Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital as well as community hospitals Puskesmas. Private hospitals and clinics are another option for healthcare services. Private healthcare sector has seen significant changes, as the government began allowing foreign investment in the private sector in 2010. While some private facilities are run by nonprofit or religious organizations, most are for-profit. Hospital chains such as Siloam, Mayapada, Mitra Keluarga, Medika, Medistra, Hermina operate in the city.^[178][179]

Transport[edit]

Despite a variety of transport systems,^[180] Jakarta faces traffic congestion during rush hours.^[181] The city prioritised development of road networks, which were designed to accommodate private vehicles.^[182] According to the National Development Planning Agency, or Bappenas, traffic congestion in Greater Jakarta wastes about $7.4 billion each year due to congestion.^[183] As of 2018, there are over 13 million motorcycles and 4.4 million cars run on the roads of Jakarta.^[184] About 3.6 million commuters commute from the outskirts.^[185] 58 percent of these commuters use motorcycles, 12.8 percent use cars and only 27 percent use public transportation.^[186] The city's 9.5% average annual growth rate of motorized vehicles far exceeds the 0.01% increase in road length between 2005 and 2010.

As of 2010, public transportation in Jakarta serves only 56% of commuter trips.^[187] The first public transport system in the city was Jakarta Tramline, which opened in 1869 and ceased operation in 1962.^{[188][189][190]} At present public transit consists of a BRTTransJakarta, rail transit KRL Commuterline, Jakarta MRT, Jakarta LRT and Soekarno-Hatta Airport Rail Link. Transit system under construction is Greater Jakarta LRT, which is expected to be operational by 2021.^[191] The city administration is implementing one-fare integrated payment public transportation system by for all public transportation using Jak Lingko card.^[192]

Road[edit]

A structured road network was developed in the early 19th century as a part of the Java Great Post Road by former Governor-General Daendels. It connects most cities throughout Java. During the following decades, the expanding road network could not keep up with the increasing numbers of motorised vehicles. A toll road network composed of an inner and outerring road and five toll roads radiating outwards provides inner as well as outer city connections. Jakarta Outer Ring Road 2 is a toll road encircling greater Jakarta area, parallel with Jakarta Outer Ring Road. Jakarta Elevated Toll Road with a dedicated public transportation lane, connecting Jakarta Inner Ring Toll Road which is 69.77 kilometers in length is under construction.^[193]

Many attempts have been made to reduce traffic congestion, including a 'three-in-one' rush-hour law, during which cars with fewer than three passengers were prohibited, a ban on trucks passing main avenues during the day,^[194] and an 'odd-even' policy that permitted cars with either odd or even-numbered registration plates to drive on alternate days.^[195]Electronic Road Pricing is expected to be operational by 2019 along with the opening of the Jakarta MRT.^[196][197]

Many bus routes connect neighborhoods within the city limit to other areas of Greater Jakarta area and to cities across the island. The biggest bus terminal is Pulo Gebang Bus Terminal, arguably the largest in Southeast Asia.^[198]

Go-Jek and Grab are ubiquitous transportation network companies. In 1971, cycle rickshaws (becak) were banned from major roads. Shortly thereafter, the government attempted a total ban, which substantially reduced their numbers.^[199] From the early 1940s to 1991, Bajaj auto rickshaws were common, later allowed only in the back streets of some parts of the city.

Angkot micro-buses play a major role. Although ojek (motorcycle taxis) are not an official form of public transport, they can be found throughout. Most ojeks are operated by the transportation network companies including Go-Jek and Grab.

TransJakarta serves as the bus rapid transit service, including the world's longest bus rapid transit routes (210 kilometres (130 miles) in length). TransJakarta had a total of 128 routes as of April, 2018 (corridor, cross route & feeder route) – a significant increase from 41 routes in 2015. TransJakarta targeted to serve one million passengers per day by the end of 2018.^[200][201] Other private owned bus systems like Kopaja, MetroMini, Mayasari Bakti and etc.

Jakarta city government provides free double-decker City tour bus service that offers sightseeing. Tourists can catch the double-decker bus—free of charge, in several designated bus stops in front of city's points of interest. Several routes cover tourist attractions such as Monas, Istiqlal Mosque, the Cathedral, National Museum, Sarinah, Hotel Indonesia crossing, Kota Tua and Kalijodo Park.^[202][203] The service includes Kota Tua in the north, Kalijodo Park in the west and Gelora Bung Karno Stadium in Senayan area in the south, via Sudirman avenue.^[204][205] TransJakarta operates free tour buses every Saturday from 5PM to 11 PM to popular culinary destinations in Central Jakarta.^[206] TransJakarta has special bus service to move shoppers from one mall to another, including Grand Indonesia, Plaza Indonesia, Plaza Senayan, Senayan City and fX Sudirman.^[207]

Rail[edit]

Long-distance railways and local tram services were introduced during the colonial era. The first station was built in 1887 by a private railway company, which later became Jakarta Kota station.^[208] The trams were replaced with buses in the post-colonial era, while long-distance railways continued to connect the city to its neighbouring regions as well as cities throughout Java. The main terminus for long distance train services are Gambir and Pasar Senen. High-speed railways are under construction connecting Jakarta to Bandung,^[209] while a line between Jakarta and Surabaya is in planning.^[210]

KRL Commuterline is a commuter rail system, that reaches Rangkasbitung in Banten and Cikarang in Bekasi Regency. The rail system uses rolling stock of rapid transit standard and operates at high frequency with a minimum headway. Daily ridership average was about 1 million,^[211] totaling 336.7 million passengers in 2018.^[212]

Jakarta MRT is constructing a north–south line metro between Kota and Lebak Bulus; and an east–west line that will connect to the north–south line at Sawah Besar station. The first, 15.2 km-long line between Hotel Indonesia and Lebak Bulus is opened at March 2019. The network when complete will stretch approximately 110.8 kilometres (68.8 miles).^[213][214]

Greater Jakarta LRT was launched to replace a previously abandoned monorail project.^[215] The system is planned to connect Jakarta city center with suburbs such as Bekasi, Bogor and Depok.^[216] The first phase will connect east Bekasi and Cibubur with Dukuh, passing through Cawang intersection. This phase will be 42.1 kilometres (26.2 miles) long, with 18 stations.^[217] Another Jakarta LRT line connecting Kelapa Gading district and Jakarta International Velodrome is to open in December 2018.^[218]

Soekarno-Hatta Airport Rail Link is a commuter train service connecting the Soekarno-Hatta International Airport to the city center. Another express train service is now in planning to connect Soekarno-Hatta International Airport with Halim Perdanakusuma Airport. Completion of this line is expected to be in 2019.^[219]

Air[edit]

Soekarno–Hatta International Airport (CGK) is the main airport, located in Tangerang, Banten. The airport was ranked 17th busiest by Airports Council International, with about 63 million passengers in 2017.^[220] The Soekarno–Hatta Airport Rail Link connects the airport to Sudirman Baru railway station, Central Jakarta.^[221] A second airport, Halim Perdanakusuma Airport (HLP) serves domestic low cost airlines, private and VIP flights. Other airports include Pondok Cabe Airport and an airfield on Pulau Panjang, part of the Thousand Island archipelago (Kepulauan Seribu).

Water transport[edit]

Jakarta's main seaport Tanjung Priok offers ferry connections. Tanjung Priok is Indonesia's busiest port, and the 21st busiest port in the world in 2013, handling over 6.59 million TEUs.^[222] To boost port capacity, the two-phase 'New Tanjung Priok' extension project was undertaken. When fully operational in 2023, it will triple existing capacity. Muara Angke port is used as a public port, while Ancol marina port is used as a tourist port to connect Thousand Islands.^[223]

Peta Jakarta Online

On 6 June 2007, the city administration introduced the Waterway (officially Angkutan Sungai), a river boat service along the Ciliwung River.^[181][224] However, because of varying water levels during the dry and wet seasons plastic garbage those comes with water from upstream during raining, this service was discontinued.

Cityscape[edit]

Architecture[edit]

Jakarta has architecturally significant buildings spanning distinct historical and cultural periods. Architectural styles reflect Malay, Javanese, Arabic, Chinese and Dutch influences.^[225] External influences inform the architecture of the Betawi house. The houses were built of nangka wood (Artocarpus integrifolia) and comprise three rooms. The shape of the roof is reminiscent of the traditional Javanese joglo.^[43] Six hundred registered cultural heritage buildings survive.^[226]

Colonial buildings and structures include those that were constructed during the colonial period. The dominant colonial styles can be divided into three periods: the Dutch Golden Age (17th to late 18th century), the transitional style period (late 18th century – 19th century), and Dutch modernism (20th century). Colonial architecture is apparent in houses and villas, churches, civic buildings and offices, mostly concentrated in the Jakarta Old Town and Central Jakarta. Architects such as J.C. Schultze and Eduard Cuypers designed some of the significant buildings. Schultze's works include Jakarta Art Building, the Indonesia Supreme Court Building and Ministry of Finance Building, while Cuypers designed Bank Indonesia Museum and Bank Mandiri Museum.

In the early 20th century, most buildings were built in Neo-Renaissance style. By the 1920s, the architectural taste had begun to shift in favour of rationalism and modernism, particularly art deco architecture. The elite suburb Menteng, developed during the 1910s, was the city's first attempt at creating ideal and healthy housing for the middle class. The original houses had a longitudinal organisation, with overhanging eaves, large windows and open ventilation, all practical features for a tropical climate.^[227] It was developed by developer N.V. de Bouwploeg, established by P.A.J. Moojen.

After independence, the process of nation building in Indonesia and demolishing the memory of colonialism was as important as the symbolic building of arterials, monuments, government buildings. The National Monument in Jakarta, designed by Sukarno, is Indonesia's beacon of nationalism. In the early 1960s, Jakarta provided highways and super-scale cultural monuments as well as Senayan Sports Stadium. The parliament building features a hyperbolic roof reminiscent of German rationalist and Corbusian design concepts.^[228] In 1996, Wisma 46 soars to height of 262 metres (860 feet) with forty-eight stories and its nib-shaped top celebrates technology and symbolises stereoscopy.

The urban construction booms continued in the 21st century. Golden Triangle of Jakarta is one of the fastest evolving CBDs in Asia-Pacific region.^[229] According to CTBUH and Emporis, 88 skyscrapers reach or exceed 150 metres (490 feet), which puts the city at the top 10 of world rankings.^[230] It has more buildings taller than 500 feet (150 m) than any other Southeast Asia or southern hemisphere cities. Gama Tower with 310 meters tip height is the tallest building in Jakarta.

Landmarks[edit]

Most landmarks, monuments and statues were built during the Sukarno era, beginning in the 1960s, then completed in the Suharto era, while some originated in the colonial period.

The most famous landmark, which became the symbol of the city is the 132-metre-tall (433-foot) obelisk of National Monument (Monumen Nasional or Monas) in the centre of Merdeka Square. On its southwest corner stands a Mahabharata-themed ArjunaWijaya chariot statue and fountain. Further south through Jalan M.H. Thamrin, one of the main avenues, the Selamat Datang monument stands on the fountain in the centre of Hotel Indonesiaroundabout. Other landmarks include the Istiqlal Mosque, the Jakarta Cathedral and Immanuel Church. The former Batavia Stadhuis, Sunda Kelapa port in Jakarta Old Town is also the city's landmark. Gama Tower building at Jalan H.R. Rasuna Said, South Jakarta is currently the tallest building in Indonesia.

Some of statues and monuments are nationalist, such as the West Irian Liberation monument, Youth statue and Dirgantara statue. Indonesian national heroes are commemorated in statues, such as Diponegoro and Kartini statues in Merdeka Square, Sudirman and Thamrin statues located in each respectable avenues, also Sukarno and Hatta statues in Proclamation Monument also on the entrance of Soekarno–Hatta International Airport.

Sports[edit]

Jakarta hosted the 1962 Asian Games^[231] and the 2018 Asian Games, co-hosted by Palembang.^[232] Jakarta also hosted the Southeast Asian Games in 1979, 1987, 1997 and 2011 (supporting Palembang). Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, the biggest in the city with a capacity of 77,193 seats,^[233] hosted the group stage, quarterfinal and final of 2007 AFC Asian Cup along with Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam.^[234][235]

The Senayan sports complex has several sport venues, including the Bung Karno football stadium, Madya Stadium, Istora Senayan, aquatic arena, baseball field, basketball hall, a shooting range, several indoor and outdoor tennis courts. The Senayan complex was built in 1960 to accommodate the Asian Games in 1962. For basketball, the Kelapa Gading Sport Mall in Kelapa Gading, North Jakarta, with a capacity of 7,000 seats, is the home arena of the Indonesian national basketball team. The BritAma Arena serves as playground for Satria Muda Pertamina Jakarta, 2017 Runner-up of the Indonesian Basketball League. Jakarta International Velodrome is a sporting facility located at Rawamangun, which was used as a venue for 2018 Asian Games. The velodrome has a seating capacity of 3,500 for track cycling, and up to 8,500 for shows and concerts,^[236] which can also be used for various sports activities such as volleyball, badminton and futsal. Jakarta International Equestrian Park is an equestrian sport venue located at Pulomas, which was used also as a venue for 2018 Asian Games.^[237]

Jakarta Car-free Days are held weekly on Sunday on the main avenues of the city, Jalan Sudirman and Jalan Thamrin, from 6 am to 11 am. The briefer Car-Free Day which lasts from 6 am to 9 am is held on every other Sunday. The event invites local pedestrians to do sports and exercise and have their activities on the streets that are normally full of cars and traffic. Along the road from the Senayan traffic circle on Jalan Sudirman, South Jakarta, to the 'Selamat Datang' Monument at the Hotel Indonesia traffic circle on Jalan Thamrin, north to the National Monument in Central Jakarta, cars are cleared out for pedestrians. Morning gymnastics, calisthenics and aerobic exercises, futsalgames, jogging, bicycling, skateboarding, badminton, karate, on-street library and musical performances take over the roads and the main parks.^[238]

Jakarta's most popular home football club is Persija, which plays in Indonesia Super League and uses Bung Karno Stadium as home venue. Another football team in Jakarta is Persitara who compete in 2nd Division Football League and play in Kamal Muara Stadium and Soemantri Brodjonegoro Stadium.

Jakarta Marathon is said to be the 'biggest running event of Indonesia'. It is recognised by AIMS and IAAF. It was established in 2013 to promote Jakarta sports tourism. In the 2015 edition, more than 15,000 runners from 53 countries participated.^{[239][240][241][242][243]}

Education[edit]

Jakarta is home to colleges and universities. University of Indonesia (UI) is the largest and oldest tertiary-level educational institution in Indonesia. It is a public institution with campuses in Salemba (Central Jakarta) and in Depok.^[244] The three other public universities in Jakarta are: Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta, the State University of Jakarta (UNJ) and the University of Pembangunan Nasional 'Veteran' Jakarta (UPN 'Veteran' Jakarta). Some major private universities in Jakarta are: Trisakti University, The Christian University of Indonesia, Mercu Buana University, Tarumanagara University, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Pelita Harapan University, Bina Nusantara University, Jayabaya University, and Pancasila University.

STOVIA (School tot Opleiding van Indische Artsen) was the first high school in Jakarta, established in 1851.^[245] Jakarta houses many students from around Indonesia, many of whom reside in dormitories or home-stay residences. For basic education, a variety of primary and secondary schools are available, tagged with public (national), private (national and bi-lingual national plus) and international labels. Four of the major international schools are the Gandhi Memorial International School, IPEKA International Christian School, Jakarta Intercultural School and the British School Jakarta. Other international schools include the Jakarta International Korean School, Bina Bangsa School, Jakarta International Multicultural School,^[246]Australian International School,^[247]New Zealand International School,^[248]Singapore International School and Sekolah Pelita Harapan.^[249]

International relations[edit]

Jakarta host foreign embassies. Jakarta serves as the seat of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Secretariat and is ASEAN's diplomatic capital.^[250]

Jakarta is a member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21, C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group and ASEAN Smart Cities Network.

Sister cities[edit]

Jakarta signed sister city agreements with other cities, including Casablanca. To promote friendship between two cities, a main avenue famous for its shopping and business centres was named after Jakarta's Moroccan sister city. No street in Casablanca is named after Jakarta, however Rabat, Morocco's capital city, has an avenue named after Sukarno, Indonesia's first president, to commemorate his visit in 1960 and as a token of friendship.^[251]

Jakarta has established a partnership with Rotterdam, especially on integrated urban water management, including capacity building and knowledge exchange.^[252] This cooperation is mainly because Jakarta and Rotterdam are dealing with similar problems; both cities lie in low-lying flat plains prone to flooding. Additionally, below sea level areas, make a drainage system involving canals, dams, and pumps vital for both cities.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abSuryodiningrat, Meidyatama (22 June 2007). 'Jakarta: A city we learn to love but never to like'. The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 21 February 2008.
2. ^'Travel Indonesia Guide – How to appreciate the 'Big Durian' Jakarta'. Worldstepper-daworldisntenough.blogspot.com. 8 April 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
3. ^Sungkar, Aulia R. (April 2012). 'A Day on the J-Town'. Jetstar Magazine. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
4. ^ ^abIguchi, Masatoshi (2017). Java Essay: The History and Culture of a Southern Country. Troubador Publishing Ltd. ISBN978-1-78462-885-7.
5. ^ ^abMatanasi, Petrik (30 December 2016). 'Pada Tanggal Inilah Batavia Menjadi Jakarta'. tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 15 October 2017.
6. ^'PEMERINTAHAN DAERAH KHUSUS IBUKOTA JAKARTA RAYA' (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2 January 2019.
7. ^ ^abc'Data Jumlah Penduduk DKI Jakarta'. Jakarta Open Data. Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta, Dinas Kependudukan dan Catatan Sipil. 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
8. ^'Statistik Indonesia 2016' (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik. 2016. Archived from the original(PDF) on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
9. ^'Jumlah Penduduk Provinsi DKI Jakarta'. Dinas Kependudukan dan Catatan Sipil. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
10. ^Indonesia: Java. 'Regencies, Cities and Districts – Population Statistics, Charts and Map'. www.citypopulation.de.
11. ^'These are the megacities of the future'. 9 October 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
12. ^Markus Taylor, Tales from the Big Durian, 2009
13. ^'Sojourn in the Big Durian'. ThingsAsian. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
14. ^'The World According to GaWC 2016'. GaWC. 24 April 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
15. ^'ASEAN, an important regional and global partner'. VOV Online Newspaper. 5 August 2017.
16. ^'Six Indonesian Companies Make Forbes Global 2000 List'.
17. ^'Fortune 500'.
18. ^'Indonesia expects to have more than 5 unicorns by 2019: minister'. Reuters. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
19. ^'Statistik Indonesia 2016' (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik. 2016. Archived from the original(PDF) on 13 November 2016.
20. ^'Global Metro Monitor'. Brookings Institution. 22 January 2015. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
21. ^'Foke lebih yakin lembaga survei asing'. Waspada Online (in Indonesian). 24 April 2012. Archived from the original on 31 August 2013.
22. ^'Jakarta – Urban Challenges Overview – Human Cities Coalition'. www.humancities.co. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
23. ^'As seas rise, Indonesia is moving its capital city. Other cities should take note'. The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
24. ^'Goodbye, Jakarta? Indonesia's president suggests new capital'. The Guardian. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
25. ^Ruggeri, Amanda (1 December 2017). 'The ambitious plan to stop the ground from sinking'. BBC. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
26. ^'Jokowi scouts sites as Indonesia capital move gathers pace'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
27. ^'Moving the capital'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
28. ^'jaya'. Sanskrit Dictionary.
29. ^'krta'. Sanskrit Dictionary.
30. ^'History of Jakarta'. BeritaJakarta. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011.
31. ^(in Dutch) Kampen, N.F. van (1831). Geschiedenis der Nederlanders buiten Europa, p. 291. Haarlem: De Erven François Bohn.
32. ^(in Dutch) 'Batavia zoals het weent en lacht', (17 October 1939), Het Nieuws van den Dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië, p. 6
33. ^'The capital's 'childhood' names'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
34. ^Zahorka, Herwig (2007). The Sunda kingdoms of West Java: from Tarumanagara to Pakuan Pajajaran with the royal center of Bogor : over 1000 years of prosperity and glory. Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka.
35. ^f>Ayatrohaedi (2005). Sundakala: cuplikan sejarah Sunda berdasarkan naskah-naskah 'Panitia Wangsakerta' Cirebon (in Indonesian). Pustaka Jaya. ISBN978-979-419-330-3.
36. ^Hellman, Jorgen; Thynell, Marie; Voorst, Roanne van (2018). Jakarta: Claiming spaces and rights in the city. Routledge. ISBN978-1-351-62044-4.
37. ^Drs. R. Soekmono (1973). Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 60.
38. ^Sumber-sumber asli sejarah Jakarta, Jilid I: Dokumen-dokumen sejarah Jakarta sampai dengan akhir abad ke-16. Cipta Loka Caraka. 1999.
39. ^ ^ab'History of Jakarta'. BeritaJakarta. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011.
40. ^A History of Modern Indonesia: c. 1300 to the Present. Macmillan International Higher Education. 1981. ISBN978-1-349-16645-9.
41. ^Heuken, Adolf (2000). Sumber-sumber asli sejarah Jakarta Jilid II: Dokumen-dokumen Sejarah Jakarta dari kedatangan kapal pertama Belanda (1596) sampai dengan tahun 1619 (Authentic sources of History of Jakarta part II: Documents of history of Jakarta from the first arrival of Dutch ship (1596) to year 1619). Jakarta: Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka.
42. ^ ^abcdWitton, Patrick (2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet Publications. pp. 138–139. ISBN978-1-74059-154-6.
43. ^ ^abP. Nas, Jakarta-Batavia: Socio-cultural Essays, 2000
44. ^'Menteng: Pelopor Kota Taman' (in Indonesian). Badan Perencanaan Kotamadya Jakarta Pusat. 3 November 2007. Archived from the original on 20 February 2009.
45. ^Colonial Economy and Society, 1870–1940. Source: U.S. Library of Congress.
46. ^Bakker, K.; Kooy, M.; Shofiani, N.E.; Martijn, E. J. (2008). 'Governance Failure: Rethinking the Institutional Dimensions of Urban Water Supply to Poor Households'. World Development. 36 (10): 1891. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.09.015.
47. ^'Portal Resmi Pemprov DKI Jakarta'. www.jakarta.go.id. 22 April 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
48. ^Waworoentoe 2013.
49. ^Kusno, Abidin (2000). Behind the Postcolonial: Architecture, Urban Space and Political Cultures. New York City: Routledge. ISBN978-0-415-23615-7.
50. ^Schoppert, P.; Damais, S. (1997). Java Style. Paris: Didier Millet. ISBN978-962-593-232-3.
51. ^'Why ethnic Chinese are afraid'. BBC News. 12 February 1998.
52. ^ ^abcdePost, BPS Jakarta, Jakarta. 'Statistics of DKI Jakarta Province 2008'.
53. ^'Jakarta'. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 17 September 2007.
54. ^Douglas, M. (1989). 'The Environmental Sustainability of Development. Coordination, Incentives and Political Will in Land Use Planning for the Jakarta Metropolis'. Third World Planning Review. 11 (2): 211–238. doi:10.3828/twpr.11.2.44113540kqt27180.
55. ^Douglas, M. (1992). 'The Political Economy of Urban Poverty and Environmental Management in Asia: Access, Empowerment and Community-based Alternatives'. Environment and Urbanization. 4 (2): 9–32. doi:10.1177/095624789200400203.
56. ^Turner, Peter (1997). Java (1st edition). Melbourne: Lonely Planet. p. 315. ISBN978-0-86442-314-6.
57. ^Sajor, Edsel E. (2003). 'Globalization and the Urban Property Boom in Metro Cebu, Philippines'. Development and Change. 34 (4): 713–742. doi:10.1111/1467-7660.00325.
58. ^Friend, Theodore (2003). Indonesian Destinies. Harvard University Press. ISBN978-0-674-01137-3.
59. ^Wages of HatredArchived 7 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Michael Shari. Business Week.
60. ^Friend, T. (2003). Indonesian Destinies. Harvard University Press. ISBN978-0-674-01137-3.
61. ^Minggu (19 July 2009). 'Daftar Serangan Bom di Jakarta'. Poskota. Archived from the original on 12 August 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
62. ^'Jakarta holds historic election'. BBC News. BBC. 8 August 2007.
63. ^'Ini 21 Caleg DPR yang Terpilih dari DKI Jakarta'. detiknews (in Indonesian). 14 May 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
64. ^'Four years on, Ahok's 'Smart City' legacy lives on'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
65. ^'Taxpayer money for the city', The Jakarta Post, 16 July 2011.
66. ^Sita W. Dewi, 'Council approves city budget for 2013, higher than proposed', The Jakarta Post, 29 January 2013.
67. ^Sita W. Dewi, 'Jokowi spends less, provides more than Foke, say observers', The Jakarta Post, 9 December 2013.
68. ^Post, The Jakarta. 'Editorial: Regional budgets underspent'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
69. ^'Central Jakarta Profile'. The City Jakarta Administration. Jakarta.go.id. Archived from the original on 11 September 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2009.
70. ^'West Jakarta Profile'. The City Jakarta Administration. Jakarta.go.id. Archived from the original on 11 September 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
71. ^'South Jakarta Profile'. The City Jakarta Administration. Jakarta.go.id. Archived from the original on 5 July 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2009.
72. ^'East Jakarta Profile'. The City Jakarta Administration. Jakarta.go.id. Archived from the original on 14 October 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2009.
73. ^'North Jakarta Profile'. The City Jakarta Administration. Jakarta.go.id. Archived from the original on 13 September 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2009.
74. ^''Thousand Island' Profile'. The City Jakarta Administration. Jakarta.go.id. Archived from the original on 16 June 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2009.
75. ^'BPS Provinsi DKI Jakarta'.
76. ^'Publikasi Provinsi dan Kabupaten Hasil Sementara SP2010'. Bps.go.id. Archived from the original on 13 October 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
77. ^'The Tides: Efforts Never End to Repel an Invading Sea'. Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
78. ^Based on Governor Decree 2007, No. 171. taken from Statistics DKI Jakarta Provincial Office, Jakarta in Figures, 2008, BPS, the province of DKI Jakarta
79. ^Elyda, Corry (27 December 2014). 'BPK slams city's efforts to manage liquid waste'. The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015.
80. ^Simanjuntak, T. P. Moan (16 July 2014). 'Maja River in Pegadungan Strewn with Water Hyacinth and Mud'. Berita Resmi Pemprov. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015.
81. ^Post, The Jakarta. 'Dutch to study new dike for Jakarta Bay'.
82. ^'New Ciliwung River Dams Planned as Jakarta Struggles With Latest Floods'. 20 January 2014. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
83. ^'Jatinegara residents complain about underground tunnel project'. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
84. ^'Indonesia – Halim Perdanakus'. Centro de Investigaciones Fitosociológicas. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
85. ^'Stations Number 96745'(PDF). Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2016.CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
86. ^'Jakarta, Indonesia - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data'. Weather Atlas. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
87. ^'Ruang Terbuka Hijau Terus Ditambah'. Poskotanews.com (in Indonesian). 25 June 2011. Archived from the original on 26 June 2011.
88. ^'30 lakes and reservoirs in Greater Jakarta disappear'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
89. ^'Taman Medan Merdeka'. deskominfomas (in Indonesian). Jakarta.go.id. Archived from the original on 23 May 2010.
90. ^'Taman Lapangan Banteng'. deskominfomas (in Indonesian). Jakarta.go.id. Archived from the original on 24 May 2010.
91. ^'Taman Suropati'. deskominfomas (in Indonesian). Jakarta.go.id. Archived from the original on 23 May 2010.
92. ^Egi Adyatama (5 March 2017). 'Kalijodo Park Expected to be New Tourism Icon in Indonesia'.
93. ^'Taman Wisata Alam Angke Kapuk, Permata di Utara Jakarta'.
94. ^Ninis Chairunnisa (21 September 2014). 'Ragunan Zoo Mulls Safari Night'.
95. ^'Metro Madness: A Day of Betawi Culture at Setu Babakan'. The Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 1 October 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
96. ^'Hidden parks in the concrete jungle'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
97. ^'Travel: Must-visit public parks in the capital'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
98. ^'City allocates Rp 140 billion to revamp five parks'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
99. ^Cybriwsky and Ford, City profile – Jakarta, 2001
100. ^Jabotabek, the Jakarta metropolitan area
101. ^'After census city plans for 9.6 million'. Jakarta Pos
102. ^https://jakarta.bps.go.id/publication/2018/01/05/44b34f04cad6439abf0e7ed0/statistik-daerah-provinsi-dki-jakarta-2017.html
103. ^BRT – Case StudyA 5 – Annex 5 Case Studies and Lessons – Module 2: Bus Rapid Transit (BRT): Toolkit for Feasibility Studies. Sti-india-uttoolkit.adb.org. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
104. ^Puslitbang Ekonomi dan Pembangunan, Perubahan Pemanfaatan Tanah di Jabotabek, Jakarta: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, 1998
105. ^Post, The Jakarta. 'Population growth of Greater Jakarta and its impact'. The Jakarta Post.
106. ^Free data & statistics. 'Data collection, analysis, visualization and sharing'. Knoema.
107. ^Post, BPS Jakarta. 'Statistics of DKI Jakarta Province 2017'.
108. ^ ^abSuryadinata, Leo; Arifin, Evi Nurvidya; Ananta, Aris (2003). Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN978-981-230-212-0.
109. ^Knörr, Jacqueline (2007). Kreolität und postkoloniale Gesellschaft: Integration und Differenzierung in Jakarta (in German). Campus Verlag. ISBN978-3-593-38344-6.
110. ^The Betawi—due to their diverse origins—play a major role concerning ethnic and national identity in contemporary Jakarta; Knörr 2007
111. ^Rogelio Sáenz, David G. Embrick, Néstor P. Rodríguez; The International Handbook of the Demography of Race and Ethnicity, 2015
112. ^Alessandra Iyer, Indonesian Performing Arts: Tradition and Transition, 2001
113. ^Johnston, Tim (3 March 2005). 'Chinese diaspora: Indonesia'. BBC News. BBC.
114. ^Anthony Reid, Imperial Alchemy: Nationalism and Political Identity in Southeast Asia, 2010
115. ^Board of Editors, Contributions to Southeast Asian Ethnography, 1987
116. ^Mochtar Naim, Merantau: Causes and Effects of Minangkabau Voluntary Migration, 1971
117. ^ ^ab'Population by Region and Religion in Indonesia'. BPS. 2017.
118. ^Pemerintah Provinsi Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, Ensiklopedi Jakarta: Culture & Heritage, Vol. 1, Dinas Kebudayaan dan Permuseuman, 2005
119. ^Donald Porter, Managing Politics and Islam in Indonesia, 2002
120. ^'Bahá'í International Community'. 21 April 2015.
121. ^Knörr, Jacqueline (2007). Kreolität und postkoloniale Gesellschaft. Integration und Differenzierung in Jakarta. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag. ISBN978-3-593-38344-6.
122. ^'Where to go for a drink and to dress up to impress'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
123. ^'36 Hours in... Jakarta'. The Telegraph. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
124. ^'Jakpost guide to Jl. Sabang'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
125. ^'Jakarta Travel Tips: Where to go and what to do in 48 hours'. The Independent. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
126. ^'The legendary eateries you must visit in Blok M'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
127. ^'7 tantalizing eateries in Tebet'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
128. ^'JakPost guide to Jl. Kemang Raya: Part 1'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
129. ^'Fenomena Bisnis Kuliner di Jalan Senopati Jakarta'. Kompas. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
130. ^'Jakpost guide to Pantai Indah Kapuk'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
131. ^'A Trip to Melawai's Little Tokyo in Jakarta'. Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
132. ^Lenggang Jakarta Tempat Nongkrong Baru di Monas. Detik
133. ^'Lenggang Jakarta Kemayoran Resmi Dibuka, Kawasan Sentra Kuliner Baru di Pusat Ibu Kota'. Tribnnews. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
134. ^'Superhot fried chicken eats into KFC's dominance in Indonesia'. Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
135. ^'Anies to offer free entry to museums'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
136. ^'Museum Macan named one of world's greatest places'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
137. ^'TV Digital Indonesia – Siaran TV Digital'. Archived from the original on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
138. ^Yukon Huang, Alessandro Magnoli Bocchi; Reshaping Economic Geography in East Asia, 2009
139. ^'Statistik Indonesia 2016' (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik. 2016. Archived from the original(PDF) on 13 November 2016.
140. ^'Shenzhen and Jakarta shine in city economy forecasts for 2030'. Nekkei Asian Review. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
141. ^'City administration launches Jakarta Investment Center'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
142. ^'Jakarta economy grows 6.22% in 2017'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
143. ^'Realisasi Investasi di DKI Jakarta 2017 Capai Rp108,6 Triliun'. OKEZONE. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
144. ^'Jakarta Economy Slows Down in 2015'. Tempo. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
145. ^Hilda B Alexander (19 March 2015). '18 Konglomerat Indonesia Tinggal di Jakarta'.
146. ^'Mercer's annual Cost of Living Survey finds African, Asian, and European cities dominate the list of most expensive locations for working abroad'. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
147. ^Encyclopedia Britannica. 'Britannica'. www.britannica.com.
148. ^Josua Gantan (13 February 2013). 'Jakarta: The Luxury Property Capital of the World'Archived 1 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The Jakarta Globe, Retrieved 27 May 2014
149. ^'Jakarta, Kota dengan Lahan Mal Terluas di Dunia'. 22 October 2015.
150. ^'Jakarta, a city with many shopping centers'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
151. ^'Jakarta malls hold 2nd Great Sale this year for Asian Games'. The Jakarta Post. 18 August 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
152. ^'Jakarta Malls and Shopping Centers – luxury shopping in Jakarta, Indonesia'. Expat.or.id. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
153. ^'International Franchise Stores'. Debenhams plc. 2013. Archived from the original on 12 June 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
154. ^'SOGO'.
155. ^Kompas.com Jalan Satrio Dijadikan 'Shopping Belt' Jakarta
156. ^'Special Transjakarta buses to serve city shoppers'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
157. ^'Jakarta named the most popular location tag on Instagram Stories'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
158. ^'Jakarta among top 10 cities on Instagram'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
159. ^'Jakarta in big five world's fastest growing destinations'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
160. ^'Euromonitor International's Top 100 City Destinations Ranking'(PDF).
161. ^'Jakarta among 10 fastest growing tourist cities in the world'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
162. ^'Jakarta preps MICE tourism to lure more tourists'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
163. ^'Ministry holds national convention to develop MICE tourism'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
164. ^'Jakpost guide to Kota Tua'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
165. ^'36 Hours in... Jakarta'. The Telegraph. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
166. ^'Kota Tua named most-visited destination in Indonesia in 2017'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
167. ^Baskoro, Bra (2010), Wisata kota Jalan Jaksa : sebuah kajian sosiologi pariwisata (Cet. 1 ed.), Penerbit Koekoesan, ISBN978-979-1442-31-2
168. ^'Travel Black Book: Jakarta, city of contrasts'. The Straits Time. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
169. ^PALYJA. 'Key Figures'. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
170. ^Iwan, Renalia (November 2008). 'Ten Years of Public Private Partnership in Jakarta Drinking Water Service (1998–2007) Eastern Jakarta Drinking Water Service by Thames PAM Jaya'(PDF). Master Thesis. School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. pp. 42–44. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
171. ^Karen Bakker; Michelle Kooy; Nur Endah Shofiani; Ernst-Jan Martijn (2006). 'Disconnected: Poverty, Water Supply and Development in Jakarta, Indonesia'(PDF). Human Development Report 2006, Occasional Paper. UNDP. Retrieved 20 November 2011. quoting a Personal Communication from Kris Tutuko, Technical Director PAM JAYA, Jakarta, Indonesia
172. ^KRuHA People's coalition for the rights to water (7 June 2011). 'Poor Water Service, Most of Jakarta People Threatened by E-Coli'. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
173. ^Nababan, Christine Novita (11 June 2017). 'Kementerian ESDM: Jakarta Krisis Air Bersih'. CNN Indonesia. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
174. ^Britnell, Mark (2015). In Search of the Perfect Health System. London: Palgrave. p. 47. ISBN978-1-137-49661-4.
175. ^'Indonesia's universal health scheme: one year on, what's the verdict?'. The Guardian. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
176. ^Hutton, Jeffrey (10 March 2014). 'Indonesia launches world's largest health insurance system'. Christian Science Monitor.
177. ^'A country of a quarter-billion people is trying to provide health care for all'. The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
178. ^'Indonesia's health care industry is on the rise'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
179. ^'Mayapada Hospital Jakarta Selatan Diresmikan'. Tribun News. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
180. ^Joe Cochrane (4 August 2013). 'Hours to Go, Just to Get to Work: Indonesians Cope With Infuriating Traffic and Inefficient Public Transit'. The New York Times. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
181. ^ ^abWilliamson, Lucy (6 June 2007). 'Jakarta begins river boat service'. BBC News.
182. ^'Transportation Issues and Future Condition in Tokyo, Jakarta, Manila and Hiroshima'(PDF). Retrieved 11 May 2010.
183. ^'1.38 million commute into Jakarta daily'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
184. ^'Jakarta's anti-macet policy'. The Asean Post. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
185. ^'KCI: Commuting behemoth'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
186. ^'Jakarta Transportation Body Lays Out Strategies to Fix the Capital's $7b Traffic Problem'. Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
187. ^'United Nations Forum On Climate Change Mitigation, Fuel Economy And Sustainable Development Of Urban Transport'(PDF). Urban Public Transport System in Jakarta. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
188. ^Merrillees 2015, p. 61.
189. ^Teeuwen 2010, p. 1.
190. ^Merrillees 2015, p. 58.
191. ^'LRT Jabodebek to Have First Trial Run in June'. Tempo. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
192. ^'Jak Lingko sees jump in card sales'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
193. ^'Ahok Sudah Dapat Izin Amdal Dua Tol Dalam Kota'. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
194. ^'Urai Kemacetan, PR Terbesar Kapolda Metro'. Archived from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
195. ^Post, The Jakarta. 'Odd-even policy working, decreasing traffic jams'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
196. ^Post, The Jakarta. 'Jakarta Police request evaluation of odd-even policy'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
197. ^'ERP will be implemented in Jakarta next year: Sandiaga'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
198. ^'Pulo Gebang, Terminal Terbesar se-ASEAN Diresmikan 28 Desember'. Liputan6. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
199. ^Azuma, Yoshifumi (2003). Urban peasants: beca drivers in Jakarta. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan.
200. ^'Transjakarta operates new Palmerah Station-Senayan traffic circle route'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
201. ^'With more buses on the streets, a surge in Transjakarta passengers'.
202. ^'Lukewarm response on first day of double-decker buses'. The Jakarta Post. 25 February 2014.
203. ^Dewanti A. Wardhani (30 September 2014). 'Jakartans take advantage of double-decker tour buses'. The Jakarta Post. Jakarta.
204. ^'Wisata Kota'. Transjakarta (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 10 March 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
205. ^'Ada 3 Bus Tingkat Wisata untuk Rute Balai Kota-Kalijodo'. Kompas. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
206. ^'What to do on Transjakarta's Saturday night food tour'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
207. ^'Special Transjakarta buses to serve city shoppers'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
208. ^'Beos, Stasiun' (in Indonesian). Jakarta.go.id. Archived from the original on 5 November 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
209. ^'Japan loses Indonesian high-speed railway contract to China'. The Japan Times Online. 30 September 2015. ISSN0447-5763. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
210. ^Post, The Jakarta. 'Japan selected as partner for Jakarta-Surabaya railway project'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
211. ^'Tahun Ini, KRL Commuter Line Bidik 1,2 Penumpang/Hari'. CNBC Indonesia (in Indonesian). 10 March 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
212. ^'Tahun 2018, Penumpang Kereta Api Naik Delapan Persen'. Tribunnews (in Indonesian). 10 January 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
213. ^'MRT Jakarta'. www.jakartamrt.co.id. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
214. ^'City launches two busway routes'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
215. ^'Ahok confirms cancellation of monorail project'. The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. 10 September 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
216. ^'Rencana LRT di Jakarta'. Kompas (in Indonesian). Jakarta. 11 September 2015. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
217. ^Raditya Margi (9 September 2015). 'Jokowi kicks off LRT construction'. The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
218. ^Adam Prireza (22 August 2018). 'Velodrome-Kelapa Gading LRT to Complete in December 2018'. Tempo. Jakarta. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
219. ^'Pemerintah Kaji Ulang Kontrak KA Ekspres Halim-Soetta'. 6 December 2017.
220. ^'List: The world's 20 busiest airports (2017)'. USA Today. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
221. ^'Airport train kicks off services with promotional fare'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
222. ^Top 50. 'World Container Ports World Shipping Council'. www.worldshipping.org.
223. ^'Pelabuhan Muara Angke Siap Digunakan'. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
224. ^'Jakarta gets its first klong taxis'. Bangkok Post. The Post Publishing Public Co. Archived from the original on 18 January 2008.
225. ^Knörr, Jacqueline (2014). Creole Identity in Postcolonial Indonesia. Berghahn Books. ISBN978-1-78238-268-3. JSTORj.ctt9qcwb1.
226. ^'Number of cultural heritage buildings in Jakarta increased'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
227. ^Wilson, Willy (11 July 2012). 'Building on the Past'. The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.
228. ^Bishop, Ryan; Phillips, John; Yeo, Wei Wei (2003). Postcolonial Urbanism: Southeast Asian Cities and Global Processes. Psychology Press. ISBN978-0-415-93250-9.
229. ^'Where are the fastest evolving Central Business Districts in Asia Pacific?'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
230. ^'CTBUH Tall Building Database'. The Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
231. ^'Olympic Council of Asia: Games'. Ocasia.org. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
232. ^'Olympic Council of Asia: Games'. Ocasia.org. Archived from the original on 5 October 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
233. ^https://reservation.gbk.id/venue/id_stadion-utama-gelora-bung-karno
234. ^'Asian Cup 2007 Host nations'. 11 September 2007. Archived from the original on 23 July 2009.
235. ^'Football stadiums of the world – Stadiums in Indonesia'. Fussballtempel.net. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
236. ^'Lintasan Sudah 90 Persen Rampung, Timnas Sepeda Jajal Venue Velodrome Awal Mei'. NYSN Media. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
237. ^'Equestrian Park Pulomas Ditargetkan Rampung November 2017'. Berita Satu. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
238. ^'Car-Free Day reduces air pollution: Tests'. 25 June 2008.
239. ^'Thousands of runners to join Jakarta Marathon 2015 on Sunday'. The Jakarta Post. 23 October 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
240. ^'Here are the New Routes for Jakarta Marathon 2015 GIVnews.com – Indonesian Perspective to Global Audience'. Globalindonesianvoices.com. 26 September 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
241. ^'Wonderful Indonesia – Jakarta Marathon 2014 : Indonesia's Biggest Running Event'. Indonesia.travel. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
242. ^'AIMS – Calendar of Races'. Aimsworldrunning.org. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
243. ^'IAAF Approves Jakarta Marathon's Route Metro Tempo.Co :: Indonesian News Portal'. En.tempo.co. 28 October 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
244. ^'Profile Universitas Indonesia'. Ui.ac.id. Archived from the original on 19 April 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
245. ^'Print Artikel'. Majalah-farmacia.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
246. ^'Jakarta International Multicultural School'. Jimsch.org. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
247. ^'Welcome to Australian International School Indonesia'. Ais-indonesia.com. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
248. ^'Welcome to New Zealand International School'. Nzis.net. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
249. ^'Sekolah Pelita Harapan'. Sph.edu. Archived from the original on 20 October 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
250. ^'Jakarta is Affirmed to be a Diplomatic Capital City'. Association of Southeast Asian Nations.
251. ^ ^abVeeramalla Anjaiah (30 July 2009). 'Morocco seeks to boost business ties with RI: Envoy'. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
252. ^ ^ab'Jakarta and Rotterdam strengthen ties on urban water management'. Neso Indonesia. 16 September 2014. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016.
253. ^'Sister Cities (States) of Tokyo – Tokyo Metropolitan Government'. Archived from the original on 16 September 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
254. ^'Sister Cities'. Beijing Municipal Government. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
255. ^ ^ab'Weekly 5: Jakarta's sister cities'. The Jakarta Post. 6 March 2015.
256. ^ ^abcdefghi'KONI DKI Jalin Kerja Sama 'Sister City' dengan 21 Kota Dunia'. Beruta Satu (in Indonesian). 26 June 2014.
257. ^Seul Metropolitan Government. 'International Cooperation: Sister Cities'. Archived from the original on 10 December 2007.
258. ^'International Cooperation: Sister Cities'. Seoul Metropolitan Government. www.seoul.go.kr. Archived from the original on 10 December 2007. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
259. ^'Seoul -Sister Cities [via WayBackMachine]'. Seoul Metropolitan Government (archived 2012-04-25). Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
260. ^ ^abcdefghLB Ciputri Hutabarat (12 February 2016). 'Ahok Berencana Kunjungi Pyongyang'. MetroTV News (in Indonesian).
261. ^'About Manila: Sister Cities'. City of Manila. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2009.
262. ^'Vijayawada -sister city of Jakarta'. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
263. ^'Rotterdam: Een Sterkinterational Merk'(PDF) (PDF) (in Dutch). Rotterdam, The Netherlands: City of Rotterdam. 2008. p. 37. Archived from the original(PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
264. ^'Berlin – City Partnerships'. Der Regierende Bürgermeister Berlin. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
265. ^'Jakarta Berlin Art Festival 2014: Bringing Jakarta's Multiculturalism to Berlindate=14 November 2014'. Indonesian Embassy in Berlin.
266. ^'The Jakarta Post – Hungarian envoy builds new links with RI'. The Jakarta Post.
267. ^'DKI-Kairo Jalin Kerjasama Sister City'. Jakarta.go.id (in Indonesian). 28 January 2016. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
268. ^Aulia Bintang Pratama (26 January 2016). 'Ahok Kesulitan Kunjungi 21 'Sister City' Jakarta'. CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian).
269. ^'Sister Cities of Los Angeles'. Retrieved 18 December 2009.
270. ^'Jakarta – Indonesia'. Los Angeles–Jakarta Sister City.

External links[edit]

• Jakarta at Curlie
• Geographic data related to Jakarta at OpenStreetMap